Pathways of recent fine-grained sediment transport on the central Portuguese continental margin

Com o intuito de estudar as principais vias de transporte de sedimentos finos recentes na zona central da margem continental Oeste Portuguesa, parâmetros geoquímicos, mineralógicos e granulométricos foram analisados em sedimentos superficiais e em matéria particulada colhida em armadilhas de sedimentos e integrados com observações da hidrodinâmica de fundo. Os parâmetros geoquímicos foram também estudados na coluna de sedimentos depositada nos últimos 150 anos e em sedimentos pré-industriais. Os referidos parâmetros determinados foram: concentrações elementares, isótopos estáveis de Pb, teores em materiais litogénicos, carbonato de cálcio e carbono orgânico. Os canhões de Lisboa-Setúbal e Cascais tiveram especial destaque no presente estudo dado que, até à data, encontram-se menos estudados que o Canhão da Nazaré. Os resultados mostram que a distribuição de sedimentos na zona central da margem ocidental Portuguesa é particionada pelos canhões e que a exportação de sedimentos da plataforma para zonas mais profundas da margem é restringida pelas correntes do talude, excepto onde os canhões funcionam como corredores para o transporte de sedimentos. Enquanto no Canhão de Lisboa-Setúbal, e provavelmente no Canhão de Cascais, o transporte de sedimentos até à zona inferior é limitada, provavelmente apenas despoletado por eventos de elevada energia, no Canhão da Nazaré o transporte ao longo do todo o canhão parece eficiente. As zonas superiores dos canhões de Lisboa-Setúbal e Cascais presentemente actuam como armadilhas de sedimentos finos, aprisionando partículas em suspensão provenientes da plataforma adjacente. A introdução directa de sedimentos provenientes das plumas dos rios Tejo e Sado nas zonas superiores dos canhões parece limitada, contudo a resuspensão dos sedimentos do prodelta do Tejo como resultado de ondas de tempestade e ondas de maré interna permite o transporte de sedimentos para os canhões adjacentes. Na plataforma de Lisboa-Setúbal-Sines foram identificadas as assinaturas geoquímicas e mineralógicas de diferentes fontes de sedimentos finos (e.g. estuários do Tejo e Sado, arribas costeiras, lagoas de St. André e Melides). As concentrações elementares pré-industriais são muito semelhantes nos canhões da Nazaré e Lisboa-Setúbal, mas variados graus de enriquecimento antrópico de metais traço estão presentes nos sedimentos recentes. A mais acentuada influência antrópica na última área referida é consistente com a sua proximidade a áreas densamente povoadas e industrializadas e com input de sedimentos originários dos rios Tejo e Sado, potenciais transportadores de partículas poluentes. A dispersão de Pb atmosférico parece também significativa sendo que toda a zona da plataforma continental adjacente aos canhões de Lisboa-Setúbal e Cascais apresenta-se enriquecida. A principal fonte de Pb antrópico identificada através de isótopos estáveis de Pb é consistente com a assinatura das cinzas de incineradoras. No Canhão de Lisboa a imersão de dragados contaminados parece ser também uma potencial importante fonte de metais traço antropogénicos.

Pathways to teacher education for intercultural communicative competence: teachers’ perceptions

Intercultural and plurilingual encounters have become increasingly frequent due to Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) developments, mobility (real/ virtual) and migration. To face the challenges inherent in such encounters, the development of intercultural communicative competence (ICC) is crucial. ICC development may start in the home but should also be a commitment in school curricula, in particular in language classrooms. To facilitate this, language teachers require training in order to integrate the intercultural dimension into their professional practice. In such a context, we implemented a training programme entitled The Intercultural Teacher with an experimental group of language teachers from secondary schools in the Aveiro district (Portugal). In this article, we describe teachers’ social perceptions of ICC and explore the following questions: (a) what does ICC mean for language teachers?; and (b) what are teachers’ views on the development of ICC? The findings of this analysis enabled us, firstly, to design a heuristic model of ICC, based on teachers’ views and perceptions. We were then able to identify some pathways for developing ICC through teacher education, which were validated by teachers themselves.

Pathways of oxidative degradation of wine

The production of color/flavor compounds in wine is the result of different interrelated mechanism reactions. Among these, the oxidation phenomenon and the Maillard reaction stands out with particular relevance due to their large impact on the sensory quality of wines and consequently on the product shelflife. The aim of this thesis is to achieve a global vision of wine degradation mechanisms. The identification of mediators’ reactions involved in oxidative browning and aromatic degradation will be attempted based on different detectors. Two approaches are implemented in this work: a “non-target” approach by which relevant analytical tools will be used to merge the information of cyclic voltammetry and Diode-Array (DAD) detectors, allowing a broader overview of the system and the note of interesting compounds, and a “target” approach by which the identification and quantification of the different compounds related to the wine degradation process will be performed using different detectors (HPLC-UV/Vis, LC-MS, GC-MS, and FID). Two different patterns of degradation will be used in this study: wines generated by O2 and temperature perturbations, and synthetic solutions with relevant wine constituents for mechanisms validation. Results clearly demonstrate a “convolution” of chemical mechanisms. The presence of oxygen combined with temperature had a synergistic effect on the formation of several key odorant compounds.The results of this work could be translated to the wine-making and wine-storage environment from the modelling of the analysed compounds.

Identification of molecules and pathways regulating mistranslation in Candida albicans

Candida albicans is the major fungal pathogen in humans, causing diseases ranging from mild skin infections to severe systemic infections in immunocompromised individuals. The pathogenic nature of this organism is mostly due to its capacity to proliferate in numerous body sites and to its ability to adapt to drastic changes in the environment. Candida albicans exhibit a unique translational system, decoding the leucine-CUG codon ambiguously as leucine (3% of codons) and serine (97%) using a hybrid serine tRNA (tRNACAGSer). This tRNACAGSer is aminoacylated by two aminoacyl tRNA synthetases (aaRSs): leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LeuRS) and seryl-tRNA synthetase (SerRS). Previous studies showed that exposure of C. albicans to macrophages, oxidative, pH stress and antifungals increases Leu misincorporation levels from 3% to 15%, suggesting that C. albicans has the ability to regulate mistranslation levels in response to host defenses, antifungals and environmental stresses. Therefore, the hypothesis tested in this work is that Leu and Ser misincorporation at CUG codons is dependent upon competition between the LeuRS and SerRS for the tRNACAGSer. To test this hypothesis, levels of the SerRS and LeuRS were indirectly quantified under different physiological conditions, using a fluorescent reporter system that measures the activity of the respective promoters. Results suggest that an increase in Leu misincorporation at CUG codons is associated with an increase in LeuRS expression, with levels of SerRS being maintained. In the second part of the work, the objective was to identify putative regulators of SerRS and LeuRS expression. To accomplish this goal, C. albicans strains from a transcription factor knock-out collection were transformed with the fluorescent reporter system and expression of both aaRSs was quantified. Alterations in the LeuRS/SerRS expression of mutant strains compared to wild type strain allowed the identification of 5 transcription factors as possible regulators of expression of LeuRS and SerRS: ASH1, HAP2, HAP3, RTG3 and STB5. Globally, this work provides the first step to elucidate the molecular mechanism of regulation of mistranslation in C. albicans.