Communication between nodes for autonomic and distributed management

Over the last decade, the most widespread approaches for traditional management were based on the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) or Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP). However, they both have several problems in terms of scalability, due to their centralization characteristics. Although the distributed management approaches exhibit better performance in terms of scalability, they still underperform regarding communication costs, autonomy, extensibility, exibility, robustness, and cooperation between network nodes. The cooperation between network nodes normally requires excessive overheads for synchronization and dissemination of management information in the network. For emerging dynamic and large-scale networking environments, as envisioned in Next Generation Networks (NGNs), exponential growth in the number of network devices and mobile communications and application demands is expected. Thus, a high degree of management automation is an important requirement, along with new mechanisms that promote it optimally and e ciently, taking into account the need for high cooperation between the nodes. Current approaches for self and autonomic management allow the network administrator to manage large areas, performing fast reaction and e ciently facing unexpected problems. The management functionalities should be delegated to a self-organized plane operating within the network, that decrease the network complexity and the control information ow, as opposed to centralized or external servers. This Thesis aims to propose and develop a communication framework for distributed network management which integrates a set of mechanisms for initial communication, exchange of management information, network (re) organization and data dissemination, attempting to meet the autonomic and distributed management requirements posed by NGNs. The mechanisms are lightweight and portable, and they can operate in di erent hardware architectures and include all the requirements to maintain the basis for an e cient communication between nodes in order to ensure autonomic network management. Moreover, those mechanisms were explored in diverse network conditions and events, such as device and link errors, di erent tra c/network loads and requirements. The results obtained through simulation and real experimentation show that the proposed mechanisms provide a lower convergence time, smaller overhead impact in the network, faster dissemination of management information, increase stability and quality of the nodes associations, and enable the support for e cient data information delivery in comparison to the base mechanisms analyzed. Finally, all mechanisms for communication between nodes proposed in this Thesis, that support and distribute the management information and network control functionalities, were devised and developed to operate in completely decentralized scenarios.

Wireless networks congestion control

Congestion control in wireless networks is an important and open issue. Previous research has proven the poor performance of the Transport Control Protocol (TCP) in such networks. The factors that contribute to the poor performance of TCP in wireless environments concern its unsuitability to identify/detect and react properly to network events, its TCP window based ow control algorithm that is not suitable for the wireless channel, and the congestion collapse due to mobility. New rate based mechanisms have been proposed to mitigate TCP performance in wired and wireless networks. However, these mechanisms also present poor performance, as they lack of suitable bandwidth estimation techniques for multi-hop wireless networks. It is thus important to improve congestion control performance in wireless networks, incorporating components that are suitable for wireless environments. A congestion control scheme which provides an e - cient and fair sharing of the underlying network capacity and available bandwidth among multiple competing applications is crucial to the definition of new e cient and fair congestion control schemes on wireless multi-hop networks. The Thesis is divided in three parts. First, we present a performance evaluation study of several congestion control protocols against TCP, in wireless mesh and ad-hoc networks. The obtained results show that rate based congestion control protocols need an eficient and accurate underlying available bandwidth estimation technique. The second part of the Thesis presents a new link capacity and available bandwidth estimation mechanism denoted as rt-Winf (real time wireless inference). The estimation is performed in real-time and without the need to intrusively inject packets in the network. Simulation results show that rt-Winf obtains the available bandwidth and capacity estimation with accuracy and without introducing overhead trafic in the network. The third part of the Thesis proposes the development of new congestion control mechanisms to address the congestion control problems of wireless networks. These congestion control mechanisms use cross layer information, obtained by rt-Winf, to accurately and eficiently estimate the available bandwidth and the path capacity over a wireless network path. Evaluation of these new proposed mechanisms, through ns-2 simulations, shows that the cooperation between rt-Winf and the congestion control algorithms is able to significantly increase congestion control eficiency and network performance.

Service building in dense service provider environments

Genericamente falando, os serviços sobre redes têm vindo a afastar-se de um modelo monolítico para um modelo de criação de serviços que permite ou - como é mais frequente - requer a cooperação entre vários Provedores de Serviço. A Internet, que tem vindo a forçar a convergência de serviços, mostra que começa a ser virtualmente impossível a um único operador fornecer qualquer serviço com um mínimo de interesse para os utilizadores. Esta tese foca-se em serviços de transporte (e.g., connectividade) e discute o impacto das fronteira que as ofertas de serviços têm com o negócio. A questão central é a seguinte: o que muda quando o mesmo serviço é oferecido não apenas por um mas por mais do que um Provedor de Serviço. Por um lado, esta tese cobre, em abs tracto, a noção de Provedor se Serviço, como evoluiu e em que sentido está a evoluir, particularmente num contexto de muitos Provedores de Serviço. Os primeiros capítulos desta tese analizam e propõem arquitecturas para cooperação inter-Provedor-de-Serviço e para serviços comuns tais como multimédia. Por outro lado, oferece-se soluções práticas, com as respectivas avaliações, para alguns problemas, que ainda hoje se mantêm em aberto, tais como encaminhamento inter-domínio, Qualidade-de-Serviço, Mobilidade e distribuição de conteúdos, tais como as contribuições relacionadas com o impacto da noção administrativa de Sistemas Autónomos sobre encaminhamento inter-domínio, uma arquitectura de transporte inter-domínio e o problema que levanta da ineficiência que decorre do planeamento não- cooperativo de Redes de Entrega de Conteúdos.

Cooperative positioning for heterogeneous wireless systems

Future emerging market trends head towards positioning based services placing a new perspective on the way we obtain and exploit positioning information. On one hand, innovations in information technology and wireless communication systems enabled the development of numerous location based applications such as vehicle navigation and tracking, sensor networks applications, home automation, asset management, security and context aware location services. On the other hand, wireless networks themselves may bene t from localization information to improve the performances of di erent network layers. Location based routing, synchronization, interference cancellation are prime examples of applications where location information can be useful. Typical positioning solutions rely on measurements and exploitation of distance dependent signal metrics, such as the received signal strength, time of arrival or angle of arrival. They are cheaper and easier to implement than the dedicated positioning systems based on ngerprinting, but at the cost of accuracy. Therefore intelligent localization algorithms and signal processing techniques have to be applied to mitigate the lack of accuracy in distance estimates. Cooperation between nodes is used in cases where conventional positioning techniques do not perform well due to lack of existing infrastructure, or obstructed indoor environment. The objective is to concentrate on hybrid architecture where some nodes have points of attachment to an infrastructure, and simultaneously are interconnected via short-range ad hoc links. The availability of more capable handsets enables more innovative scenarios that take advantage of multiple radio access networks as well as peer-to-peer links for positioning. Link selection is used to optimize the tradeo between the power consumption of participating nodes and the quality of target localization. The Geometric Dilution of Precision and the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound can be used as criteria for choosing the appropriate set of anchor nodes and corresponding measurements before attempting location estimation itself. This work analyzes the existing solutions for node selection in order to improve localization performance, and proposes a novel method based on utility functions. The proposed method is then extended to mobile and heterogeneous environments. Simulations have been carried out, as well as evaluation with real measurement data. In addition, some speci c cases have been considered, such as localization in ill-conditioned scenarios and the use of negative information. The proposed approaches have shown to enhance estimation accuracy, whilst signi cantly reducing complexity, power consumption and signalling overhead.

O impacto das práticas sustentáveis na cadeia de abastecimento no desempenho da empresa

Ao longo da última década, a crescente preocupação com as ameaças suscitadas pelas mudanças climáticas e o esgotamento dos recursos naturais tem-se tornado evidente em diversas indústrias e na população global. Além da salvaguarda do ambiente natural, espera-se, das empresas, que respeitem princípios de equidade social nas suas práticas e processos produtivos. Existe uma perceção generalizada de que as empresas e os diversos governos nacionais devem ser mais eficientes na utilização dos recursos naturais e humanos, de modo a promover um desenvolvimento ambiental, social e económico equilibrado e sustentável. Consequentemente, todas as indústrias serão desafiadas a reorganizar as suas cadeias de abastecimento, preservando o ambiente natural e respeitando as comunidades locais. É neste contexto que se insere a presente investigação, que visa contribuir para a consolidação da teoria da gestão sustentável da cadeia de abastecimento. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é o de identificar e analisar os fatores que induzem e instigam as empresas à implementação de práticas ambientais e sociais, identificar e caracterizar as práticas sustentáveis utilizadas e perceber a relação destas práticas com o desempenho económico, ambiental e social. Para responder aos propósitos fixados para o estudo fez-se uso de uma abordagem qualitativa que integrou estudos de caso múltiplos, constituídos a partir de oito empresas de diferentes setores de atividade, que operam em Portugal, destinados a analisar as estratégias de sustentabilidade desenvolvidas e implementadas por essas das organizações. Ao longo da investigação empírica, identificam-se as práticas ambientais e sociais implementadas nas empresas e nas suas cadeias de abastecimento e os diferentes indicadores que as mesmas utilizam para medição do seu desempenho. Nos casos analisados, são apresentadas evidências de que a gestão sustentável da cadeia de abastecimento requer das empresas a criação de mecanismos formais de cooperação entre os vários membros da cadeia de abastecimento e de que existe uma relação entre a aplicação de práticas sustentáveis e o desempenho económico, ambiental e social.

e-Participação : estudo sobre a participação em ambiente Web 2.0

Como reflexo da crescente disponibilização de recursos tecnológicos em ambiente Web 2.0 tem-se assistido, de forma gradual, a um contraponto de ordem social à inércia do poder político em sede da participação, traduzido numa intervenção mais ativa dos cidadãos, individualmente ou sob a forma de grupos de interesses, com recurso a processos de interação nos media participativos, nomeadamente nas redes sociais. Embora seja possível reconhecer alguma evolução no sentido da transparência na ação dos Governos, através de canais habitualmente mais vocacionados para procedimentos comunicacionais de natureza unidirecional, este estudo decorreu no sentido da caraterização das práticas participativas dos cidadãos, em ambiente digital, e das políticas e canais disponibilizados pelas administrações públicas, nomeadamente no âmbito da EU, em função dos compromissos assumidos por parte dos seus Estados-Membros para a criação e implementação de mecanismos de interação, no sentido de uma democracia digital, que enquanto conceção, enquadraria a participação dos cidadãos. Com este estudo pretendeu-se identificar necessidades e expectativas dos cidadãos, no contexto da cidadania participativa ou da democracia digital, sendo referenciados contextos enquadradores, correspondentes aos níveis da intervenção no exercício da cidadania em ambiente Web e ao estado da arte da componente que nessa matéria caberia aos Estados, nomeadamente no contexto da União Europeia e em particular, em Portugal. Para a concretização deste trabalho recorreu-se a bibliografia diversa, a exemplos práticos e à expressão da opinião de entidades singulares de reconhecido mérito e de representantes de Organizações da sociedade civil, sob a forma de entrevistas, parecendo pode retirar-se que as TIC não terão de assumir como objetivo procurar implantar uma democracia direta, em detrimento do contexto representativo, antes vir o seu potencial tecnológico a assumir um papel relevante no âmbito da complementaridade de interesses entre os poderes e os cidadãos.

Phase transitions and nonlinear phenomena in neuronal network models

Communication and cooperation between billions of neurons underlie the power of the brain. How do complex functions of the brain arise from its cellular constituents? How do groups of neurons self-organize into patterns of activity? These are crucial questions in neuroscience. In order to answer them, it is necessary to have solid theoretical understanding of how single neurons communicate at the microscopic level, and how cooperative activity emerges. In this thesis we aim to understand how complex collective phenomena can arise in a simple model of neuronal networks. We use a model with balanced excitation and inhibition and complex network architecture, and we develop analytical and numerical methods for describing its neuronal dynamics. We study how interaction between neurons generates various collective phenomena, such as spontaneous appearance of network oscillations and seizures, and early warnings of these transitions in neuronal networks. Within our model, we show that phase transitions separate various dynamical regimes, and we investigate the corresponding bifurcations and critical phenomena. It permits us to suggest a qualitative explanation of the Berger effect, and to investigate phenomena such as avalanches, band-pass filter, and stochastic resonance. The role of modular structure in the detection of weak signals is also discussed. Moreover, we find nonlinear excitations that can describe paroxysmal spikes observed in electroencephalograms from epileptic brains. It allows us to propose a method to predict epileptic seizures. Memory and learning are key functions of the brain. There are evidences that these processes result from dynamical changes in the structure of the brain. At the microscopic level, synaptic connections are plastic and are modified according to the dynamics of neurons. Thus, we generalize our cortical model to take into account synaptic plasticity and we show that the repertoire of dynamical regimes becomes richer. In particular, we find mixed-mode oscillations and a chaotic regime in neuronal network dynamics.