Hidrogeomorfologia e sustentabilidade de recursos hídricos subterrâneos

A água subterrânea de rochas duras é uma fonte importante para fins domésticos, industriais e agrícolas e mesmo para o consumo humano. A geologia, a tectónica, a geomorfologia e as características hidrológicas controlam o fluxo, ocorrência e armazenamento das águas subterrâneas. A disponibilidade da água subterrânea no meio geológico está totalmente dependente das áreas de recarga e de descarga numa determinada bacia. A precipitação é a principal fonte de recarga em aquíferos descontínuos, enquanto que a descarga depende dos declives do terreno e dos gradientes do nível hidrostático e ainda das condições hidrogeológicas do solo. A hidrogeomorfologia é um domínio interdisciplinar emergente, que estuda as relações entre as unidades geomorfológicas e o regime das águas superficiais e subterrâneas de uma determinada área. A compreensão do papel da geomorfologia é essencial para avaliar de forma rigorosa os sistemas hidrogeológicos e os recursos hídricos. Os dados de detecção remota providenciam uma informação espacial valiosa e actualizada da superfície terrestre e dos recursos naturais. Os recentes avanços tecnológicos colocaram as técnicas de detecção remota e os sistemas de informação geográfica (SIG) numa posição cimeira como ferramentas de gestão metodológica. Foi criada, em ambiente SIG, uma base de geo-dados, essencialmente derivada da detecção remota, da cartografia e do trabalho de campo. Esta base de dados, organizada em diferentes níveis de informação, inclui uma avaliação principalmente focalizada no uso do solo, climatologia, declives, geologia, geomorfologia e hidrogeologia. No presente estudo foram cruzados diversos níveis de informação, com a geração de múltiplos mapas temáticos para atingir um quadro integrado dos diversos sectores no Norte e Centro de Portugal. Os sectores em estudo (Caldas da Cavaca, Termas de Entre-os-Rios, Águas de Arouca e Águas do Alardo) estão localizados em sistemas hidrogeológicos predominantemente constituídos por rochas graníticas, por vezes intersectadas por filões de quartzo, aplito-pegmatíticos e doleríticos. Para apoiar a elaboração dos mapas hidrogeomorfológicos foi criada uma base SIG, contendo diversa informação, nomeadamente topografia, hidrografia, litologia, tectónica, morfoestrutura, hidrogeologia, geofísica e uso do solo. Além disso, foram realizadas várias campanhas de campo, as quais permitiram: o estabelecimento dum mapeamento geológico, geomorfológico e hidrogeológico; a caracterização in situ do grau de alteração, resistência e grau de fracturação dos maciços rochosos; o desenvolvimento de um inventário hidrogeológico em conjunto com alguns ensaios expeditos in situ. A interligação entre os parâmetros geomorfológicos, hidrológicos e hidrogeológicos dos sistemas de água subterrânea “normal” e hidromineral destaca a importância de uma cartografia e duma modelação conceptual hidrogeomorfológica. Além disso, contribuirá para um melhor apoio à decisão na gestão sustentável dos recursos hídricos.

Assessing the combined effect of land management and wildfire on runoff and soil erosion in north central Portugal

Strong and sometimes extreme responses in runoff and soil erosion following wildfires have been reported worldwide. However, in the case of North-Central Portugal, little research had been carried out regarding the hydrologic and erosive impacts of several land management activities in recently burnt areas (such as ground preparation, post-fire logging or post-fire mitigation treatments). This study aims to assess post-fire runoff and soil erosion response on Eucalypt and Maritime pine plantations during the first, second and third years following wildfires. The effect of several pre-fire ground preparation operations (ploughed down-slope, contour ploughed and inclined terraces), post-fire logging activities (on both the eucalypt and pine plantations), as well as the application of hydromulch (a post-fire emergency treatment) on overland flow and soil erosion were compared to burnt but undisturbed and untreated areas. The intensive monitoring of runoff, soil erosion and selected soil properties served to determine the main factors involved in post-fire runoff and soil erosion and their spatial and temporal variation. Soil water repellency deserved special attention, due to its supposed important role for overland flow generation. Repeated rainfall simulation experiments (RSE’s), micro-scale runoff plots and bounded sediment fences were carried out and/or installed immediately after the wildfire on seven burnt slopes. Micro-scale runoff plots results under natural rainfall conditions were also compared to the RSE’s results, which was useful for assessing the representativeness of the data obtained with artificial rainfall. The results showed comparable runoff coefficient (20-60%) but lower sediment losses (125-1000 g m-2) than prior studies in Portugal, but especially outside Portugal. Lower sediment losses were related with the historic intensive land use in the area. In evaluating these losses, however, the shallowness and stoniness of the soils, as well as the high organic matter fraction of the eroded sediments (50%) must not be overlooked. Sediment limited erosion was measured in all the ploughed sites, probably due to the time since ploughing (several years). The disturbance of the soil surface cover due to post-fire logging and wood extraction substantially increased sediment losses at both the pine and eucalypt sites. Hydromulch effectiveness in reducing the runoff (70%) and sediment losses (83%) was attributed to the protective high coverage provided by hydromulch. The hydromulch significantly affected the soil cover and other soil properties and these changes also reduced the soil erosion risk. The rainfall amount was the main factor explaining the variance in runoff. However, a shift from rainfall amount to rainfall intensity was detected when either the surface cover or the infiltration capacity (hydrophilic conditions) increased. Sediment losses were controlled by rainfall intensity and surface cover. The role of soil water repellency on runoff generation was not consistent; the overall repellency levels alone were not enough to assess its hydrological impact. Soil water repellency explained runoff generation in the specific-sites model better than in the overall model. Additionally, soil moisture content was a better predictor for soil water repellency than antecedent rainfall. The natural rainfall results confirmed that RSE’s were able to capture the specific sediment losses and its organic matter content as well as the differences between the ploughed and unploughed sites. Repeated RSE’s also captured the seasonal variations in runoff and sediment losses attributed to soil water repellency. These results have implications for post-fire soil erosion modelling and soil conservation practices in the region, or areas with the same land use, climate and soil characteristics. The measured sediment loss, as well as the increasing frequency of ploughing in recently burnt and unburnt eucalypt stands, suggests ploughing is not an effective as a soil conservation measure. Logging activities with less impact are recommended in order to maintain the forest litter protecting the soil surface. Due to its high effectiveness in reducing runoff and soil erosion, hydromulch is recommended for highly sensitive and vulnerable areas.

Macroinvertebrate communities and habitat structure in least-impacted hill streams of central Portugal

We surveyed macroinvertebrate communities in 31 hill streams in the Vouga River and Mondego River catchments in central Portugal. Despite applying a "least-impacted" criterion, channel and bank management was common, with 38% of streams demonstrating channel modification (damming) and 80% with evidence of bank modification. Principal component analysis (PCA) at the family and species level related the macroinvertebrates to habitat variables derived at three spatial scales -- site (20 m), reach (200 m), and catchment. Variation in community structure between sites was similar at the species and family level and was statistically related to pH, conductivity, temperature, flow, shade, and substrate size at the site scale; channel and bank habitat and riparian vegetation and land-use at the reach scale; and altitude and slope at the catchment scale. While the effects of river management were apparent in various ecologically important habitat features at the site and reach scale, a direct relationship with macroinvertebrate assemblages was only apparent between the extent of walled banks and the secondary PCA axis described by species data. The strong relationship between catchment scale variables and descriptors of physical structure at the reach and site scale suggests that catchment-scale parameters are valuable predicators of macroinvertebrate community structure in these streams despite the anthropogenic modifications of the natural habitat.

Environmental impacts of freshwater use and suspended solids in life cycle assessment

Perturbation of natural ecosystems, namely by increasing freshwater use and its degradative use, as well as topsoil erosion by water of land-use production systems, have been emerging as topics of high environmental concern. Freshwater use has become a focus of attention in the last few years for all stakeholders involved in the production of goods, mainly agro-industrial and forest-based products, which are freshwater-intensive consumers, requiring large inputs of green and blue water. This thesis presents a global review on the available Water Footprint Assessment and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)-based methods for measuring and assessing the environmental relevance of freshwater resources use, based on a life cycle perspective. Using some of the available midpoint LCA-based methods, the freshwater use-related impacts of a Portuguese wine (white ‘vinho verde’) were assessed. However, the relevance of environmental green water has been neglected because of the absence of a comprehensive impact assessment method associated with green water flows. To overcome this constraint, this thesis helps to improve and enhance the LCA-based methods by providing a midpoint and spatially explicit Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) method for assessing impacts on terrestrial green water flow and addressing reductions in surface blue water production caused by reductions in surface runoff due to land-use production systems. The applicability of the proposed method is illustrated by a case study on Eucalyptus globulus conducted in Portugal, as the growth of short rotation forestry is largely dependent on local precipitation. Topsoil erosion by water has been characterised as one of the most upsetting problems for rivers. Because of this, this thesis also focuses on the ecosystem impacts caused by suspended solids (SS) from topsoil erosion that reach freshwater systems. A framework to conduct a spatially distributed SS delivery to freshwater streams and a fate and effect LCIA method to derive site-specific characterisation factors (CFs) for endpoint damage on aquatic ecosystem diversity, namely on algae, macrophyte, and macroinvertebrates organisms, were developed. The applicability of this framework, combined with the derived site-specific CFs, is shown by conducting a case study on E. globulus stands located in Portugal as an example of a land use based system. A spatially explicit LCA assessment was shown to be necessary, since the impacts associated with both green water flows and SS vary greatly as a function of spatial location.