Molecular diversity and transferability of integrons from wastewaters

Na evolução bacteriana, a capacidade de explorar novos ambientes e de responder a diferentes pressões selectivas deve-se principalmente à aquisição de novos genes por transferência horizontal. Integrões são elementos genéticos bacterianos que constituem sistemas naturais de captura e expressão de cassetes de genes, sendo um dos principais mecanismos bacterianos envolvidos na aquisição de resistências a antibióticos. Estudos recentes suportam a hipótese de que os ambientes naturais constituem importantes reservatórios de integrões e cassetes de genes. Uma vez que as águas residuais são descarregadas em receptores naturais, torna-se fundamental conhecer a presença e dispersão de integrões nestes ambientes, assim como a sua associação a outros elementos genéticos móveis e a genes de resistências a antibióticos. Neste trabalho, pretendeu-se avaliar a prevalência e diversidade de integrões em águas residuais de origem animal e doméstica, bem como a sua associação a plasmídeos conjugativos, usando metodologias dependentes e independentes do cultivo de microrganismos em laboratório. Os resultados obtidos sustentam assim a hipótese de que ambientes particularmente ricos em matéria orgânica, como é o caso das águas residuais, constituem ambientes propícios à presença de integrões e à ocorrência de transferência horizontal de genes de resistência a antibióticos, embora a sua prevalência e diversidade seja influenciada pelo tipo de efluente em questão. A presença de integrões em estações de tratamento de águas residuais, e em especial nos efluentes tratados, constitui assim um factor preocupante, uma vez que tal contribui para a sua disseminação e dispersão por outros ecossistemas aquáticos, nomeadamente rios e mares. Os métodos utilizados permitiram também detectar uma elevada diversidade de cassetes de genes associadas a integrões, sendo possível que algumas dessas sequências codifiquem para proteínas que desempenhem um importante papel na adaptação bacteriana às intensas pressões selectivas características deste tipo de ambientes. Assim, é possível concluir que as comunidades bacterianas presentes em águas residuais reúnem diferentes tipos de elementos geneticamente móveis que desempenham um importante papel não só na adaptação bacteriana, mas também na disseminação de determinantes genéticos de resistência para ambientes naturais. Adicionalmente, a presença de potenciais proteínas com possíveis aplicações biotecnológicas reforça a importância das águas residuais como fontes de diversidade funcional. Este trabalho incluiu também a criação e implementação da base de dados INTEGRALL, desenvolvida com o intuito de congregar informação acerca de integrões e de uniformizar a nomenclatura de cassetes de genes.

Assessing the effectiveness of chemical treatment with nanomaterials in improving the quality of different industrial effluents

Industrial activities are the major sources of pollution in all environments. Depending on the type of industry, various levels of organic and inorganic pollutants are being continuously discharged into the environment. Although, several kinds of physical, chemical, biological or the combination of methods have been proposed and applied to minimize the impact of industrial effluents, few have proved to be totally effective in terms of removal rates of several contaminants, toxicity reduction or amelioration of physical and chemical properties. Hence, it is imperative to develop new and innovative methodologies for industrial wastewater treatment. In this context nanotechnology arises announcing the offer of new possibilities for the treatment of wastewaters mainly based on the enhanced physical and chemical proprieties of nanomaterials (NMs), which can remarkably increase their adsorption and oxidation potential. Although applications of NMs may bring benefits, their widespread use will also contribute for their introduction into the environment and concerns have been raised about the intentional use of these materials. Further, the same properties that make NMs so appealing can also be responsible for producing ecotoxicological effects. In a first stage, with the objective of selecting NMs for the treatment of organic and inorganic effluents we first assessed the potential toxicity of nanoparticles of nickel oxide (NiO) with two different sizes (100 and 10-20 nm), titanium dioxide (TiO2, < 25 nm) and iron oxide (Fe2O3, ≈ 85x425 nm). The ecotoxicological assessment was performed with a battery of assays using aquatic organisms from different trophic levels. Since TiO2 and Fe2O3 were the NMs that presented lower risks to the aquatic systems, they were selected for the second stage of this work. Thus, the two NMs pre-selected were tested for the treatment of olive mill wastewater (OMW). They were used as catalyst in photodegradation systems (TiO2/UV, Fe2O3/UV, TiO2/H2O2/UV and Fe2O3/H2O2/UV). The treatments with TiO2 or Fe2O3 combined with H2O2 were the most efficient in ameliorating some chemical properties of the effluent. Regarding the toxicity to V. fischeri the highest reduction was recorded for the H2O2/UV system, without NMs. Afterwards a sequential treatment using photocatalytic oxidation with NMs and degradation with white-rot fungi was applied to OMW. This new approach increased the reduction of chemical oxygen demand, phenolic content and ecotoxicity to V. fischeri. However, no reduction in color and aromatic compounds was achieved after 21 days of biological treatment. The photodegradation systems were also applied to treat the kraft pulp mill and mining effluents. For the organic effluent the combination NMs and H2O2 had the best performances in reduction the chemical parameters as well in terms of toxicity reduction. However, for the mine effluent the best (TiO2/UV and Fe2O3/UV) were only able to significantly remove three metals (Zn, Al and Cd). Nonetheless the treatments were able of reducing the toxicity of the effluent. As a final stage, the toxicity of solid wastes formed during wastewater treatment with NMs was assessed with Chironomus riparius larvae, a representative species of the sediment compartment. Certain solid wastes showed the potential to negatively affect C. riparius survival and growth, depending on the type of effluent treated. This work also brings new insights to the use of NMs for the treatment of industrial wastewaters. Although some potential applications have been announced, many evaluations have to be performed before the upscaling of the chemical treatments with NMs.