Efeito da pressão e temperatura em suspensões de amido

O objetivo do presente trabalho consistiu no estudo das propriedades viscoelásticas de suspensões de amido nativo e processado a alta pressão. Foi utilizado um sensor acústico de forma a analisar as propriedades das suspensões, sendo depois recolhidas informações complementares através de outras técnicas: calorimetria diferencial de varrimento, microscopia de luz polarizada e microscopia eletrónica de varrimento. Neste trabalho foram realizados estudos com amido de milho nativo e processado a alta pressão (500 MPa, 5 minutos, temperatura ambiente), tendo-se verificado que a suspensão do amido processado apresentava propriedades viscoelásticas muito diferentes do amido nativo. A temperatura a que se iniciou o aumento da viscosidade foi mais elevada para o amido processado a alta pressão, e as variações observadas para temperaturas superiores a 70 °C foram menores. Durante o arrefecimento foi detetada uma diminuição da viscosidade, correspondente a um aumento da organização molecular, com maior expressão no amido nativo mas que se dá no mesmo intervalo de temperatura, quer para este quer o processado a alta pressão. Foi também possível concluir que a velocidade de aquecimento da amostra de amido influencia as propriedades viscoelásticas da suspensão e as temperaturas a que ocorrem as variações de viscosidade relacionadas com o processo de gelatinização do amido. De assinalar também que no amido de milho se pode detetar pela variação da frequência do cristal piezoelétrico o rompimento dos grânulos e que apesar do estabelecimento de novas ligações e da reposição de alguma ordem molecular que se pode verificar durante o arrefecimento, a frequência da suspensão depois de arrefecida era muito diferente da suspensão de amido inicial. No amido de arroz, a temperatura a que se inicia o aumento de viscosidade foi superior à que se observou para o amido de milho, indicio da maior resistência do amido de arroz, para o qual não se detetou sinal de rutura dos grânulos. A frequência final da suspensão do mesmo, depois de arrefecido, era igual à inicial. Com o amido de arroz foi feito o estudo da influência da temperatura no processamento de alta pressão, tendo sido processadas suspensões a 400 MPa, durante 15 minutos, a 5, 10, 23 e 34 °C. As propriedades viscoelásticas foram analisadas com recurso a um sensor acústico, tendo-se verificado que quanto maior a temperatura de processamento a alta pressão, mais elevada a temperatura necessária para que se inicie o aumento de viscosidade e menores as temperaturas a que se inicia diminuição da mesma durante o arrefecimento.

Coupling of magnetic, strain and electric polarization fields in the structure of multiferroic material

The comprehensive study on the coupling of magnetism, electrical polarization and the crystalline lattice with the off-stoichiometric effects in self-doped multiferroic hexagonal h-LuMnxO3±δ (0.92≤x≤1.12) ceramic oxides was carried out for the PhD work. There is a complex coupling of the three ferroic degrees. The cancelation of the magnetic moments of ions in the antiferromagnetic order, electric polarization with specific vortex/antivortex topology and lattice properties have pushed researchers to find out ways to disclose the underlying physics and chemistry of magneto-electric and magneto-elastic couplings of h-RMnO3 multiferroic materials. In this research work, self-doping of Lu-sites or Mn-sites of h-LuMnxO3±δ ceramics prepared via solid state route was done to pave a way for deeper understanding of the antiferromagnetic transition, the weak ferromagnetism often reported in the same crystalline lattices and the ferroelectric properties coupled to the imposed lattice changes. Accordingly to the aim of the PhD thesis, the objectives set for the sintering study in the first chapter on experimental results were two. First, study of sintering off-stoichiometric samples within conditions reported in the bibliography and also extracted from the phase diagrams of the LuMnxO3±δ, with a multiple firings ending with a last high temperature step at 1300ºC for 24 hours. Second, explore longer annealing times of up to 240 hours at the fixed temperature of 1300 ºC in a search for improving the properties of the solid solution under study. All series of LuMnxO3±δ ceramics for each annealing time were characterized to tentatively build a framework enabling comparison of measured properties with results of others available in literature. XRD and Rietveld refinement of data give the evolution the lattice parameters as a function to x. Shrinkage of the lattice parameters with increasing x values was observed, the stability limit of the solid solution being determined by analysis of lattice parameters. The evolution of grain size and presence of secondary phases have been investigated by means of TEM, SEM, EDS and EBSD techniques. The dependencies of grain growth and regression of secondary phases on composition x and time were further characterized. Magnetic susceptibility of samples and magnetic irreversibility were extensively examined in the present work. The dependency of magnetic susceptibility, Neel ordering transition and important magnetic parameters are determined and compared to observation in other multiferroics in the following chapter of the thesis. As a tool of high sensitivity to detect minor traces of the secondary phase hausmannite, magnetic measurements are suggested for cross-checking of phase diagrams. Difficulty of previous studies on interpreting the magnetic anomaly below 43 K in h-RMnO3 oxides was discussed and assigned to the Mn3O4 phase, with supported of the electron microscopy. Magneto-electric coupling where AFM ordering is coupled to dielectric polarization is investigated as a function of x and of sintering condition via frequency and temperature dependent complex dielectric constant measurements in the final chapter of the thesis. Within the limits of solid solubility, the crystalline lattice of off-stoichiometric ceramics was shown to preserve the magneto-electric coupling at TN. It represents the first research work on magneto-electric coupling modified by vacancy doping to author’s knowledge. Studied lattices would reveal distortions at the atomic scale imposed by local changes of x dependent on sintering conditions which were widely inspected by using TEM/STEM methods, complemented with EDS and EELS spectroscopy all together to provide comprehensive information on cross coupling of distortions, inhomogeneity and electronic structure assembled and discussed in a specific chapter. Internal interfaces inside crystalline grains were examined. Qualitative explanations of the measured magnetic and ferroelectric properties were established in relation to observed nanoscale features of h-LuMnxO3±δ ceramics. Ferroelectric domains and topological defects are displayed both in TEM and AFM/PFM images, the later technique being used to look at size, distribution and switching of ferroelectric domains influenced by vacancy doping at the micron scale bridging to complementary TEM studies on the atomic structure of ferroelectric domains. In support to experimental study, DFT simulations using Wien2K code have been carried out in order to interpret the results of EELS spectra of O K-edge and to obtain information on the cation hybridization to oxygen ions. The L3,2 edges of Mn is used to access the oxidation state of the Mn ions inside crystalline grains. In addition, rehybridization driven ferroelectricity is also evaluated by comparing the partial density of states of the orbitals of all ions of the samples, also the polarization was calculated and correlated to the off-stoichiometric effect.