Pathways to teacher education for intercultural communicative competence: teachers’ perceptions

Intercultural and plurilingual encounters have become increasingly frequent due to Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) developments, mobility (real/ virtual) and migration. To face the challenges inherent in such encounters, the development of intercultural communicative competence (ICC) is crucial. ICC development may start in the home but should also be a commitment in school curricula, in particular in language classrooms. To facilitate this, language teachers require training in order to integrate the intercultural dimension into their professional practice. In such a context, we implemented a training programme entitled The Intercultural Teacher with an experimental group of language teachers from secondary schools in the Aveiro district (Portugal). In this article, we describe teachers’ social perceptions of ICC and explore the following questions: (a) what does ICC mean for language teachers?; and (b) what are teachers’ views on the development of ICC? The findings of this analysis enabled us, firstly, to design a heuristic model of ICC, based on teachers’ views and perceptions. We were then able to identify some pathways for developing ICC through teacher education, which were validated by teachers themselves.

Revenue diversification in higher education: the case of Portugal

Socio-economic changes, alterations in societal expectations and new public policies have put pressures on higher education public funding, bringing the issue of funding diversification to the forefront. Income diversification, namely, generation of funds from private, as well as from competitive public sources, has become increasingly important in European higher education due to a complex financial environment and perceived deficit of innovation transfer. Although there are numerous studies about changes in national funding systems and allocation mechanisms, few have focused on diversification of funding sources, especially in the European context, making Portugal no exception. Thus, this study aims at exploring income diversification at the institutional level and its influence on the internal organisational structures. For this purpose two Portuguese public universities were chosen as case studies. The empirical material was collected through semi-structured interviews with top management and middle management of each university and through documentary analysis. Data analysis demonstrated that both universities are in the process of institutionalizing and formalising practices of income diversification, notably by getting more professional in how they are dealing with external stakeholders, such as businesses, local community, and students. However, the study also revealed that there is no formal, organised strategy to deal with income diversification. In general, the universities are reacting to external demands rather than pro-actively exploring opportunities. In this respect, the analysis determined several factors that promote or inhibit income diversification activities. Quality and favourable organizational culture were named by the interviewees as the most relevant factors for successful income diversification. External factors such as legal arrangements and funding conditions were cited as major constraints. This research has also revealed that revenue diversification activities tend to develop along the continuum towards higher sophistication and systematisation of activities that are supported by a powerful infrastructure. Together with efforts at the institutional level, the role of government policies proves to be crucial in providing tools and incentives to higher education institutions and creating a harmonious higher education system.

O interesse socioeducativo (e as dificuldades) de traduzir em português-espanhol

O Projeto que apresentamos insere-se nos estudos do Mestrado em Tradução Especializada dentro da vertente da Saúde e Ciências da Vida; é por isso que, partindo de um texto/suporte que visa promover uma alimentação saudável nas escolas (manual de referência difundido pelos Ministérios da Educação e Ciência e Ministério da Saúde de Portugal), procedemos à tradução (de português para espanhol) de um conteúdo que suscita, nos nossos dias, um grande interesse socioeducativo e cultural. É preciso destacar que o facto de ter nascido e vivido na Venezuela durante doze anos permitiu-me superar com êxito os meus estudos de espanhol na Licenciatura e no referido Mestrado; mas, ao mesmo tempo, tive que me adaptar, enquanto cidadã portuguesa, ao complexo e inacabado processo de ir interiorizando estas duas línguas – português/espanhol – tão próximas e no entanto com sistemas linguísticos bem distintos. Esta evidência encontra a sua maior justificação no grande capítulo dos erros (de forma e de significado) que consegui detetar e analisar graças à ajuda da minha professora orientadora, ao longo deste meu primeiro trabalho académico (texto traduzido para espanhol). Só agora, depois da minha primeira e “ingénua” tradução desse texto/manual, sou capaz de perceber com toda nitidez a dimensão do erro na atividade tradutora, assim como das suas consequências. Além desta importante reflexão, também o facto de elaborar este projeto permitiu-me abordar um aspeto linguístico da língua espanhola que me cativa pessoalmente (no que me diz respeito): o das variantes lexicais do castelhano nos países hispanofalantes. Não duvido em apontar um outro aspeto fundamental: o esforço de ter tido que corrigir minuciosamente e com rigor esta tarefa tradutora (com os seus respetivos comentários tradutológicos) converteu-se numa fonte de múltiplas satisfações pessoais; são aquelas que têm a ver com o cultivo de valores tais como o esforço, o espírito de superação, o exercício da responsabilidade e o (re)conhecimento da honestidade intelectual, entre outros.