Habitat-species interactions in a carnivore community

Na maioria das area protegidas nacionais existe uma considerável falta de informação científica relativa aos mamíferos carnívoros. A Reserva Natural da Serra da Malcata, localizada no centro-este de Portugal, tem vindo a desenvolver, desde os últimos 20 anos, estudos de ecologia e esta tese pretende dar seguimento a esse esforço de monitorização, através do desenvolvimento de métodos simples e eficientes, de monitorização de carnívoros, que possam servir como percursores de trabalhos a longo-prazo em áreas relevantes para a conservação. Através do uso de armadilhagem fotográfica, foram estudadas relações espécies-habitats para 5 espécies: gato-bravo (Felis silvestris), fuinha (Martes foina), raposa (Vulpes vulpes), gineta (Genetta genetta), e sacarrabos (Herpestes ichneumon). Foram desenvolvidos métodos para se determinar a densidade absoluta de raposa e gineta e a população de gato-bravo foi estudada em detalhe. As principais conclusões do estudo foram: 1) a ocupação de raposas é uniforme e parece ser independente de variáveis ambientais; 2) a ocupação de fuinha encontra-se relacionada com variáveis de habitat, estrutura paisagística e presas; 3) a ocupação de gineta está relacionada com a cobertura de folhosas e distribuição de presas; 4) para o sacarrabos verificase que a ocupação é influenciada pelas extensões de habitat arbustivos, 5) a população de gato-bravo sofreu um forte declínio durante o trabalho e requer urgentes medidas de conservação. Metodologicamente foi demonstrada a importância da modelação das probabilidades de detecção para espécies para as quais este parâmetros apresenta valores baixos ou é muito variável. Esta tese também demonstrou a grande importância da Serra da Malcata para a conservação de carnívoros e a necessidade do desenvolvimento de técnicas de monitorização padronizadas para uma correcta gestão adaptativa das áreas protegidas.

Interactions of cetaceans with Spanish and Portuguese fisheries in Atlantic waters : costs, benefits and implications for management

With the aim to provide new insights into operational cetacean-fishery interactions in Atlantic waters, this thesis assesses interactions of cetaceans with Spanish and Portuguese fishing vessels operating in Iberian and South West Atlantic waters. Different opportunistic research methodologies were applied, including an interview survey with fishers (mainly skippers) and onboard observations by fisheries observers and skippers, to describe different types of interactions and to identify potential hotspots for cetacean-fishery interactions and the cetacean species most involved, and to quantify the extent and the consequences of these interactions in terms of benefits and costs for cetaceans and fisheries. In addition, the suitability of different mitigation strategies was evaluated and discussed. The results of this work indicate that cetaceans interact frequently with Spanish and Portuguese fishing vessels, sometimes in a beneficial way (e.g. cetaceans indicate fish schools in purse seine fisheries), but mostly with negative consequences (depredation on catch, gear damage and cetacean bycatch). Significant economic loss and high bycatch rates are, however, only reported for certain fisheries and associated with particular cetacean species. In Galician fisheries, substantial economic loss was reported as a result of bottlenose dolphins damaging artisanal coastal gillnets, while high catch loss may arise from common dolphins scattering fish in purse seine fisheries. High cetacean bycatch mortality arises in trawl fisheries, mainly of common dolphin and particularly during trawling in water depths below 350 m, and in coastal set gillnet fisheries (mainly common and bottlenose dolphins). In large-scale bottom-set longline fisheries in South West Atlantic waters, sperm whales may significantly reduce catch rates through depredation on catch. The high diversity of cetacean-fishery interactions observed in the study area indicates that case-specific management strategies are needed to reduce negative impacts on fisheries and cetaceans. Acoustic deterrent devices (pingers) may be used to prevent small cetaceans from approaching and getting entangled in purse seines and set gillnets, although possible problems include cetacean habituation to the pinger sounds, as well as negative side effects on non-target cetaceans (habitat exclusion) and fisheries target species (reduced catch rates). For sardine and horse mackerel, target species of Iberian Atlantic fisheries, no aversive reaction to pinger sounds was detected during tank experiments conducted in the scope of this thesis. Bycatch in trawls may be reduced by the implementation of time/area restrictions of fishing activity. In addition, the avoidance of fishing areas with high cetacean abundance combined with the minimization of fishery-specific sound cues that possibly attract cetaceans, may also help to decrease interactions. In large-scale bottom-set longline fisheries, cetacean depredation on catch may be reduced by covering hooked fish with net sleeves ("umbrellas") provided that catch rates are not negatively affected by this gear modification. Trap fishing, as an alternative fishing method to bottom-set gillnetting and longlining, also has the potential to reduce cetacean bycatch and depredation, given that fish catch rates are similar to the rates obtained by bottom-set gillnets and longlines, whereas cetacean by-catch is unlikely. Economic incentives, such as the eco-certification of dolphin-safe fishing methods, should be promoted in order to create an additional source of income for fishers negatively affected by interactions with cetaceans, which, in turn, may also increase fishers’ willingness to accept and adopt mitigation measures. Although the opportunistic sampling methods applied in this work have certain restrictions concerning their reliability and precision, the results are consistent with previous studies in the same area. Moreover, they allow for the active participation of fishers that can provide important complementary ecological and technical knowledge required for cetacean management and conservation.