Sectorial antennas for WSN localization system

This work investigates low cost localization systems (LS) based on received signal strength (RSS) and integrated with different types of antennas with main emphasis on sectorial antennas. The last few years have witnessed an outstanding growth in wireless sensor networks (WSN). Among its various possible applications, the localization field became a major area of research. The localization techniques based on RSS are characterized by simplicity and low cost of integration. The integration of LS based on RSS and sectorial antennas (SA) was proven to provide an effective solution for reducing the number of required nodes of the networks and allows the combination of several techniques, such as RSS and angle of arrival (AoA). This PhD thesis focuses on studying techniques, antennas and protocols that best meet the needs of each LS with main focus on low cost systems based on RSS and AoA. Firstly there are studied localization techniques and system that best suit the requirements of the user and the antennas that are most appropriate according to the nature of the signal. In this step it is intended to provide a fundamental understanding of the undertaken work. Then the developed antennas are presented according to the following categories: sectorial and microstrip antennas. Two sectorial antennas are presented: a narrowband antenna operating at 2.4 to 2.5 GHz and a broadband antenna operating at 800MHz-2.4GHz. The low cost printed antennas were designed to operate at 5 GHz, which may be used for vehicular communication. After presenting the various antennas, several prototypes of indoor/outdoor LS are implemented and analyzed. Localization protocols are also proposed, one based on simplicity and low power, and the other on interoperability with different types of antennas and system requirements.

Characterization of water-soluble organic compounds in bioaerosols by liquid chromatography and fluorescence spectroscopy

In the last decades, the effects of the air pollution have been increasing, especially in the case of the human health diseases. In order to overcome this problem, scientists have been studying the components of the air. As a part of water-soluble organic compounds, amino acids are present in the atmospheric environment as components of diverse living organisms which can be responsible for spreading diseases through the air. Liquid chromatography is one technique capable of distinguish the different amino acids from each other. In this work, aiming at separating the amino acids found in the aerosols samples collected in Aveiro, the ability of four columns (Mixed-Mode WAX-1, Mixed-Mode HILIC-1, Luna HILIC and Luna C18) to separate four amino acids (aspartic acid, lysine, glycine and tryptophan) and the way the interaction of the stationary phases of the columns with the analytes is influenced by organic solvent concentration and presence/concentration of the buffer, are being assessed. In the Mixed-Mode WAX-1 column, the chromatograms of the distinct amino acids revealed the separation was not efficient, since the retention times were very similar. In the case of lysine, in the elution with 80% (V/V) MeOH, the peaks appeared during the volume void. In the Mixed-Mode HILIC-1 column, the variation of the organic solvent concentration did not affect the elution of the four studied amino acids. Considering the Luna HILIC column, the retention times of the amino acids were too close to each other to ensure a separation among each other. Lastly, the Luna C18 column revealed to be useful to separate amino acids in a gradient mode, being the variation of the mobile phase composition in the organic solvent concentration (ACN). Luna C18 was the column used to separate the amino acids in the real samples and the mobile phase had acidified water and ACN. The gradient consisted in the following program: 0 – 2 min: 5% (V/V) ACN, 2 – 8 min: 5 – 2 % (V/V) ACN, 8 – 16 min: 2% (V/V) ACN, 16 – 20 min: 2 – 20 % (V/V) ACN, 20 – 35 min: 20 – 35 % (V/V) ACN. The aerosols samples were collected by using three passive samplers placed in two different locations in Aveiro and each sampler had two filters - one faced up and the other faced down. After the sampling, the water-soluble organic compounds was extracted by dissolution in ultra-pure water, sonication bath and filtration. The resulting filtered solutions were diluted in acidified water for the chromatographic separation. The results from liquid chromatography revealed the presence of the amino acids, although it was not possible to identify each one of them individually. The chromatograms and the fluorescence spectra showed the existence of some patterns: the samples that correspond to the up filters had more intense peaks and signals, revealing that the up filters collected more organic matter.