Development and characterization of Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) platforms for bone tissue engineering

The development of scaffolds based on biomaterials is a promising strategy for Tissue Engineering and cellular regeneration. This work focuses on Bone Tissue Engineering, the aim is to develop electrically tailored biomaterials with different crystalline and electric features, and study their impacts onto cell biological behavior, so as to predict the materials output in the enhancement of bone tissue regeneration. It is accepted that bone exhibits piezoelectricity, a property that has been proved to be involved in bone growth/repair mechanism regulation. In addition electrical stimulations have been proved to influence bone growth and repair. Piezoelectric materials are therefore widely investigated for a potential use in bone tissue engineering. The main goal is the development of novel strategies to produce and employ piezoelectric biomaterials, with detailed knowledge of mechanisms involved in cell-material interaction. In the current work, poly (L-lactic) acid (PLLA), a synthetic semi-crystalline polymer, exhibiting biodegradibility, biocompatibility and piezoelectricity is studied and proposed as a promoter of enhanced tissue regeneration. PLLA has already been approved for implantation in human body by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and at the moment it is being used in several clinical strategies. The present study consists of first preparing films with different degrees of crystallinity and characterizing these PLLA films, in terms of surface and structural properties, and subsequently assessing the behavior of cells in terms of viability, proliferation, morphology and mineralization for each PLLA configuration. PLLA films were prepared using the solvent cast technique and submitted to different thermal treatments in order to obtain different degrees of crystallinity. Those platforms were then electrically poled, positively and negatively, by corona discharge in order to tailor their electrical properties. The cellular assays were conducted by using two different osteoblast cell lines grown directly onto the PLLA films:Human osteoblast Hob, a primary cell culture and Human osteosarcoma MG-63 cell line. This thesis gives also a comprehensive introduction to the area of Bone Tissue Engineering and provides a review of the work done in this field in the past until today, in that same field, including the one related with bone’s piezoelectricity. Then the experimental part deals with the effects of the crystallinity degrees and of the polarization in terms of surface properties and cellular bio assays. Three different degrees of crystallinity, and three different polarization conditions were prepared; which results in 9 different configurations under investigation.

Barrier properties of poly(lactic acid) based films

In recent years, the search for a environmentally friendly products has increased. One of the major challenges has been the demand for biodegradable materials that can replace plastic. If a few decades ago, plastic replaced, for example, the ivory in billiard balls, and in other products, saving the lives of thousands elephants, nowadays a replacement for that plastic is being searched, to prevent the change of the environmental conditions, essential to life in harmonly with the fauna and flora that the human specie has, in recent years, destroyed. Plastic is a petroleum derivate, whose price has been growing exponentially, mainly due to the fact of beind a cheap material and also to enable the production of products that are essential to modern life. Therefore, the petrochemical era is going to come to an end and a new environmentally sustainable era, based on biodegradable materials from renewable sources, will follow. The change to green routes only will be possible with the support of the major companies, and the implementation of drastic governmental law. Poly(lactic acid), PLA, is produced from the lactose present in the corn or sugarcane and has been intensively studied in recent years because if some limitants properties required its extrusion are overcome, it has the potential to replace the traditional polymers. PLA have high brittleness, low toughness and low tensile elongation. In this work, natural antioxidant (alpha-tocopherol) and synthetics antioxidants (BHT ant TBHQ) were added to the PLA with the aim not only to improve their flexibility, but also to create an active packaging to extend the shelf life of the foods and improve the organoleptic properties by preventing food losses. The impact of the addition of antioxidants into the PLA films, in its mechanical, thermal and barrier properties were studied by FTIR, DSC, SEM, AFM, DMA, TGA, QCM and time-lag techniques.

Contribuição para a melhoria da qualidade nutricional do sorgo

Este trabalho teve como principal objectivo sugerir uma forma de processamento de sorgo adaptável à escala industrial que, sendo culturalmente aceite e sensível aos hábitos alimentares, aos factores sociais e às limitações económicas e tecnológicas das populações Africanas de consumo, pudesse dar origem a um produto alimentar seguro e enriquecido em termos nutricionais. Numa primeira fase, efectuou-se um estudo comparativo entre os efeitos promovidos por diferentes formas de processamento: cozimento em água, aquecimento em banho-maria, pipocagem, germinação, fermentação e altapressão. Foram ainda determinadas as condições óptimas de aplicação do processo germinativo e da tecnologia de alta-pressão. Verificou-se que a fermentação, a germinação e a alta-pressão permitem uma melhoria significativa da digestibilidade proteica da farinha de sorgo. A pipocagem conduziu a uma redução da extractibilidade das proteínas não promovendo, contudo, alterações na sua digestibilidade. Comparativamente ao cozimento em água, que promove uma diminuição acentuada na digestibilidade proteica, o cozimento em banho-maria promove uma diminuição ténue e significativamente inferior. Deste estudo comparativo, foi possível concluir que a extractibilidade das proteínas não está correlacionada com a sua digestibilidade e que a água exerce um papel fundamental na diminuição da digestibilidade proteica com o aquecimento. Numa segunda fase, pretendeu-se desenvolver um processo fermentativo que conduzisse a um produto de sorgo com características nutricionais incrementadas. Para tal, foram testadas daiferentes espécies de bactérias lácticas isoladas e conjugadas entre si. Foi ainda testada a adição de malte de sorgo previamente à fermentação e a adição de leveduras ao inóculo. Com este estudo, foi possível concluir que a fermentação do sorgo com um inóculo constituído por culturas puras de Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus fermentum e Streptococcus thermophilus permite a obtenção de uma preparação alimentar com características nutricionais melhoradas no que respeita ao balanço em aminoácidos essenciais, à digestibilidade da proteína e do amido e à viscosidade do produto final.