Integrated coastal geoengineering approach for maritime environments

This dissertation introduces several methodological approaches which integrate a proposed coastal management model in an interdisciplinary perspective. The research presented herein is displayed as a set of publications comprising different thematic outlooks. The thesis develops an integrated coastal geoengineering approach which is intrinsically linked to the studied maritime environments. From sandy coasts and marine works to rocky platforms and sea cliffs, this study includes field work between Caminha – Figueira da Foz (NW Portugal) and Galicia (NW Spain). The research also involves an analysis and geological-geotechnical characterisation of natural rock (armourstone) and artificial units (concrete blocks) applied to coastal structures. The main goal is to contribute to the characterisation and re-evaluation of georesources and to determine armourstone suitability and availability from its source (quarry). It was also important to diagnose the geomaterials in situ concerning their degradation/deterioration level on the basis of the current status of the coastal protection works in order to facilitate more efficient monitoring and maintenance, with economic benefits. In the rocky coast approach the coastal blocks were studied along the platform, but also the geoforms were studied from a coastal morphodynamics point of view. A shoreline evolution analysis was developed for sandy coasts through Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) extension. In addition, the spatial and statistical analysis applied to sea cliffs allowed the establishment of susceptibility zones to erosion and hazardous areas. All of these studies have different purposes and results however, there is a common denominator – GIS mapping. Hence, apart from the studied coastal environment, there is an integrated system which includes a sequence of procedures and methodologies that persisted during the research period. This is a step forward in the study of different coastal environments by using almost the same methodologies. This will allow the characterisation, monitoring and assessment of coastal protection works, rocky coasts, and shore platforms. With such data, it is possible to propose or recommend strategies for coastal and shoreline management based on several justifications in terms of social, economic, and environmental questions, or even provide a GIS-based planning support system reinforced by geocartographic decisions. Overall the development of the applied cartography embraces six stages which will allow the production of detailed maps of the maritime environment: (1) high-resolution aerial imagery surveys; (2) visual inspection and systematic monitoring; (3) applied field datasheet; (4) in situ evaluation; (5) scanline surveying; and (6) GIS mapping. This thesis covers fundamental matters that were developed over the course of scientific publication and as a consequence they represent the results obtained and discussed. The subjects directly related to the thesis architecture are: (i) cartography applied to coastal dynamics (including an art historical analysis as a tool to comprehend the coastal evolution and the littoral zone); (ii) georesources assessment (the role of cartography in georesources zoning, assessment and armourstone durability); (iii) coastal geoengineering applications and monitoring (Espinho pilot site in NW Portugal as an experimental field); (iv) rocky coast and shore platform studies and characterisation; (v) sandy and mixed environment approaches; (vi) coastal geosciences GIS mapping and photogrammetric surveying (coastal geoengineering); and (vii) shoreline change mapping and coastal management strategies (the CartGalicia Project as an example – NW Spain). Finally, all of these thematic areas were crucial to generate the conceptual models proposed and to shape the future of integrated coastal coastal geoengineering management.

Oil hydrocarbon-bacteria interactions in coastal environments

The ability of microorganisms to use oil hydrocarbons as a source of carbon and energy is crucial for environmental oil detoxification. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on fundamental aspects of this process on specific habitats and under different climate scenarios. In the first phase of this work, the culturable fraction of the oil hydrocarbon (OH) degrading bacteria from the sea surface microlayer (SML) of the estuarine system Ria de Aveiro was characterized. In the second phase, the impact of oil contamination on the active bacterial community was studied under climate change scenarios. Pseudomonas emerged as the prevailing genera among OH degrading bacteria in the SML. Moreover, culture-independent methods revealed that the relative abundance and diversity of Gammaproteobacteria, in which Pseudomonas is included, varies along an estuarine gradient of contamination. In order to access the impact of oil contamination on microbial communities under climate change scenarios, an experimental life support system for microcosm experiments (ELLS) was developed and validated for simulation of climate change effects on microbial communities. With the ELSS it is possible to simulate, in controlled conditions, fundamental parameters of the dynamics of coastal and estuarine systems while maintaining community structure in terms of the abundance of the most relevant members of the indigenous bacterial community. A microcosm experiment in which the independent and combined impact of ultraviolet radiation, ocean acidification and oil contamination on microbial communities was conducted. The impact on bacterial communities was accessed with a 16S RNA (cDNA) based barcode pyrosequencing approach. There was a drastic decrease of Desulfobacterales relative abundance after oil contamination under the reduced pH value estimated for 2100, when compared to present values. Since members of this order are known OH degraders, such a significant decrease may have consequences on OH detoxification of contaminated environments under the pH levels of the ocean expected for the future. Metagenome predictions based on the 16S RNA database indicated that several degradation pathways of OH could be affected under oil contamination and reduced water pH. Taken together, the results from this work bring new information on the dynamics of OH degrading bacteria in coastal and estuarine environments under present and future climate scenarios.

The impact of communication disability on quality of life of people with aphasia and their caregivers

Aphasia is a chronic acquired communication disorder that may change people with aphasia (PWA) and their caregivers’ lives for ever. Social and emotional changes are frequently reported by both, although the impact of these changes in quality of life (QOL) needs further research. This study identifies predictors and variables that influence PWA’s and their caregivers’ QOL and social relationships (SR). A cross-sectional descriptive, correlational and comparative study was undertaken with 255 individuals from Portuguese general population (mean age 43 years, range 25-84 years; 148 females, 107 males), 25 PWA (mean age 54 years, range 20-71; 12 females and 13 males), and 25 caregivers (mean age 51 years, range 26-73; 17 females and 8 males). All the participants completed the World Health Quality of Life Bref instrument, the SR domain of the World Health Organization Quality of Life – 100 scale, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Participants with aphasia completed the Lisbon Aphasia Assessment Battery, Barthel Index, Frenchay Activities Index, Communication Disability Profile and the Modified Mini-Mental State which evaluated language disability, aphasia coefficient, activities, participation and cognition. In addition, caregivers completed the Carers’ Assessment of Managing Index to assess coping strategies. PWA and their caregivers are less satisfied with their QOL and SR than Portuguese general population; whereas PWA have the worse QOL and SR. Thus, aphasia seems to impact negatively in their QOL and SR. Emotional status has great importance for QOL and SR among the three groups. PWA’s activities and participation have great impact in both PWA’s and caregivers’ QOL and SR. Additionally, emotional status and participation are the best predictors of PWA’s QOL. Along with these two variables, activities of the PWA are the best predictors of caregivers’ QOL. Participation is the best predictor of PWA’s SR; emotional status and number of cohabitants are best predictors for caregivers’ SR. Aphasia assessment and intervention should take into account all the factors that influence PWA’s and caregivers’ QOL and SR so the central goal of enhancing it can be achieved. These results are important for identifying and planning support needs and are useful in the orientation of the activities carried out by the service providers allowing the adjustment of health programs and policies based on people’s real life needs.

Trajetórias de vida e a opção pelo sistema de suporte no concelho de Mira

Objetivos: O processo de duplo envelhecimento é universal. Em Portugal, este processo é acompanhado por um aumento e diversificação dos sistemas de suporte. Perante esta realidade, surge a necessidade de investigação acerca dos acontecimentos que influenciam na escolha do sistema de suporte. Assim, os objetivos deste estudo são perceber se as trajetórias de vida influenciam nesta escolha compreender os condicionantes e condicionadores inerentes a esta opção. Metodologias: Este é um estudo exploratório de abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa (análise estatística descritiva, correlacional e de conteúdo). A amostra é composta por 255 pessoas idosas: 130 não usufruem de qualquer resposta social e 125 frequentam uma resposta social. Aplicou-se um inquérito de questões fechadas e abertas que abrangia diversas áreas como acontecimentos de vida, envelhecimento, e equipamentos utilizados, etc. Resultados: Os resultados indicaram que as pessoas idosas preferem o cuidado familiar em detrimento das respostas sociais, em caso de necessidade. Foi possível aferir que variável “com quem vive” relaciona-se significativamente com a opção pelo cuidado em caso de necessidade. As pessoas que vivem com o cônjuge e/ou filhos optam preferencialmente pelo cuidado familiar. Conclusões: Dado os resultados apresentados considera-se importante o desenvolvimento e adaptação do sistema de suporte social nomeadamente das famílias e da rede de suporte formal. Estes devem desenvolver-se e organizar-se para que seja possível tornar exequível as preferências de cuidado da pessoa idosa seja este ou não nos seus próprios meios.

Implementing a Videoconferencing Studio in Cape Verde to Support a Blended Learning Education System

In 2004, the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation invited the University of Aveiro to develop an education and training program in advanced topics of ICT for Cape Verde. The focus should be on technologies to support the development of distance education. Two years later, when the program was started, the University of Aveiro had a high-performance videoconferencing Studio installed by the Foundation for National Scientific Computing. However, the investment to duplicate this high quality structure and operating costs were not compatible neither with the project’s budget nor with the technological options available in Cape Verde. This paper demonstrates the decision-making process by an economically viable option to meet the needs and local peculiarities.