Simulação de sistemas solares passivos usando materiais de mudança de fase (PCMs)

O gradual consumo de energia primária a nível mundial deu origem a uma crise não só ambiental como também económica, proveniente das limitações das reservas energéticas e do fornecimento. Estas inquietações têm levado a um estudo cada vez mais aprofundado no que concerne à eficiência energética de edifícios. É neste contexto que surge o estudo da aplicação dos materiais de mudança de fase (PCM) na térmica dos edifícios. O presente trabalho consiste no estudo da influência da introdução de materiais de mudança de fase no comportamento térmico de um edifício. Foi analisada uma simulação numérica para um sistema solar passivo de ganho direto, por um programa de simulação designado EXTEND™. Efetuou-se, também, o estudo paramétrico de determinadas propriedades associadas aos materiais de mudança de fase. Após a análise, foi testado o impacto, em termos de conforto, da utilização de materiais de mudança de fase em sistemas solares passivos de ganho direto.

Ferramentas Lean na indústria corticeira

O presente projeto tem como objetivo a aplicação de ferramentas do universo Lean Thinking na indústria corticeira de forma a identificar e eliminar fontes de desperdício, criar valor e envolver a organização numa cultura de melhoria contínua focada na satisfação do cliente. A Unidade Industrial de Lamas encontra-se a passar por uma fase de mudança e carece da aplicação de ferramentas 5S, Gestão Visual, Kaizen Diário e Standard Work, contempladas no seu programa de melhoria contínua intitulado de Cork.MAIS. A aplicação das ferramentas comprovam o sucesso em termos de qualidade e eficiência operacional. Os 5S conduzem à eficiência, segurança e organização dos postos de trabalho e quando implementados despoletam de forma natural a necessidade de implementação da ferramenta Gestão Visual que acarreta inúmeros benefícios visto que visa sistemas simples e intuitivos. A ferramenta Kaizen Diário contribuiu para aumentar a comunicação entre os diferentes turnos, alinhar os colaboradores com a estratégia da Unidade Industrial de Lamas e identificar oportunidades de melhoria fomentando o trabalho em equipa. A ferramenta Standard Work contribuiu para a redução dos encravamentos dos equipamentos SVE obtendo-se um aumento de 11% do Overall Equipment Effectiveness. Realizar uma retrospetiva de todos os processos e fluxos de produção tornou-se oportuno e, para tal, recorreu-se à ferramenta Value Stream Mapping. Todo o trabalho em equipa serviria para analisar o estado atual da cadeia de valor da Unidade Industrial de Lamas no que respeita ao planeamento e fluxos de material e informação, metodologia do controlo de produto e processo e eficiência operacional. Todas as oportunidades de melhoria identificadas e implementadas acrescentam valor à cadeia da organização mas dá-se destaque às ações de melhoria implementadas no âmbito do projeto de planeamento e fluxos de informação e material. Todas as novas ferramentas implementadas contempladas no sistema pull da organização conduziram a uma redução de 11% do material em work in process e um aumento de 25% da taxa de satisfação de encomendas.

Coupling of magnetic, strain and electric polarization fields in the structure of multiferroic material

The comprehensive study on the coupling of magnetism, electrical polarization and the crystalline lattice with the off-stoichiometric effects in self-doped multiferroic hexagonal h-LuMnxO3±δ (0.92≤x≤1.12) ceramic oxides was carried out for the PhD work. There is a complex coupling of the three ferroic degrees. The cancelation of the magnetic moments of ions in the antiferromagnetic order, electric polarization with specific vortex/antivortex topology and lattice properties have pushed researchers to find out ways to disclose the underlying physics and chemistry of magneto-electric and magneto-elastic couplings of h-RMnO3 multiferroic materials. In this research work, self-doping of Lu-sites or Mn-sites of h-LuMnxO3±δ ceramics prepared via solid state route was done to pave a way for deeper understanding of the antiferromagnetic transition, the weak ferromagnetism often reported in the same crystalline lattices and the ferroelectric properties coupled to the imposed lattice changes. Accordingly to the aim of the PhD thesis, the objectives set for the sintering study in the first chapter on experimental results were two. First, study of sintering off-stoichiometric samples within conditions reported in the bibliography and also extracted from the phase diagrams of the LuMnxO3±δ, with a multiple firings ending with a last high temperature step at 1300ºC for 24 hours. Second, explore longer annealing times of up to 240 hours at the fixed temperature of 1300 ºC in a search for improving the properties of the solid solution under study. All series of LuMnxO3±δ ceramics for each annealing time were characterized to tentatively build a framework enabling comparison of measured properties with results of others available in literature. XRD and Rietveld refinement of data give the evolution the lattice parameters as a function to x. Shrinkage of the lattice parameters with increasing x values was observed, the stability limit of the solid solution being determined by analysis of lattice parameters. The evolution of grain size and presence of secondary phases have been investigated by means of TEM, SEM, EDS and EBSD techniques. The dependencies of grain growth and regression of secondary phases on composition x and time were further characterized. Magnetic susceptibility of samples and magnetic irreversibility were extensively examined in the present work. The dependency of magnetic susceptibility, Neel ordering transition and important magnetic parameters are determined and compared to observation in other multiferroics in the following chapter of the thesis. As a tool of high sensitivity to detect minor traces of the secondary phase hausmannite, magnetic measurements are suggested for cross-checking of phase diagrams. Difficulty of previous studies on interpreting the magnetic anomaly below 43 K in h-RMnO3 oxides was discussed and assigned to the Mn3O4 phase, with supported of the electron microscopy. Magneto-electric coupling where AFM ordering is coupled to dielectric polarization is investigated as a function of x and of sintering condition via frequency and temperature dependent complex dielectric constant measurements in the final chapter of the thesis. Within the limits of solid solubility, the crystalline lattice of off-stoichiometric ceramics was shown to preserve the magneto-electric coupling at TN. It represents the first research work on magneto-electric coupling modified by vacancy doping to author’s knowledge. Studied lattices would reveal distortions at the atomic scale imposed by local changes of x dependent on sintering conditions which were widely inspected by using TEM/STEM methods, complemented with EDS and EELS spectroscopy all together to provide comprehensive information on cross coupling of distortions, inhomogeneity and electronic structure assembled and discussed in a specific chapter. Internal interfaces inside crystalline grains were examined. Qualitative explanations of the measured magnetic and ferroelectric properties were established in relation to observed nanoscale features of h-LuMnxO3±δ ceramics. Ferroelectric domains and topological defects are displayed both in TEM and AFM/PFM images, the later technique being used to look at size, distribution and switching of ferroelectric domains influenced by vacancy doping at the micron scale bridging to complementary TEM studies on the atomic structure of ferroelectric domains. In support to experimental study, DFT simulations using Wien2K code have been carried out in order to interpret the results of EELS spectra of O K-edge and to obtain information on the cation hybridization to oxygen ions. The L3,2 edges of Mn is used to access the oxidation state of the Mn ions inside crystalline grains. In addition, rehybridization driven ferroelectricity is also evaluated by comparing the partial density of states of the orbitals of all ions of the samples, also the polarization was calculated and correlated to the off-stoichiometric effect.