Assessing the combined effect of land management and wildfire on runoff and soil erosion in north central Portugal

Strong and sometimes extreme responses in runoff and soil erosion following wildfires have been reported worldwide. However, in the case of North-Central Portugal, little research had been carried out regarding the hydrologic and erosive impacts of several land management activities in recently burnt areas (such as ground preparation, post-fire logging or post-fire mitigation treatments). This study aims to assess post-fire runoff and soil erosion response on Eucalypt and Maritime pine plantations during the first, second and third years following wildfires. The effect of several pre-fire ground preparation operations (ploughed down-slope, contour ploughed and inclined terraces), post-fire logging activities (on both the eucalypt and pine plantations), as well as the application of hydromulch (a post-fire emergency treatment) on overland flow and soil erosion were compared to burnt but undisturbed and untreated areas. The intensive monitoring of runoff, soil erosion and selected soil properties served to determine the main factors involved in post-fire runoff and soil erosion and their spatial and temporal variation. Soil water repellency deserved special attention, due to its supposed important role for overland flow generation. Repeated rainfall simulation experiments (RSE’s), micro-scale runoff plots and bounded sediment fences were carried out and/or installed immediately after the wildfire on seven burnt slopes. Micro-scale runoff plots results under natural rainfall conditions were also compared to the RSE’s results, which was useful for assessing the representativeness of the data obtained with artificial rainfall. The results showed comparable runoff coefficient (20-60%) but lower sediment losses (125-1000 g m-2) than prior studies in Portugal, but especially outside Portugal. Lower sediment losses were related with the historic intensive land use in the area. In evaluating these losses, however, the shallowness and stoniness of the soils, as well as the high organic matter fraction of the eroded sediments (50%) must not be overlooked. Sediment limited erosion was measured in all the ploughed sites, probably due to the time since ploughing (several years). The disturbance of the soil surface cover due to post-fire logging and wood extraction substantially increased sediment losses at both the pine and eucalypt sites. Hydromulch effectiveness in reducing the runoff (70%) and sediment losses (83%) was attributed to the protective high coverage provided by hydromulch. The hydromulch significantly affected the soil cover and other soil properties and these changes also reduced the soil erosion risk. The rainfall amount was the main factor explaining the variance in runoff. However, a shift from rainfall amount to rainfall intensity was detected when either the surface cover or the infiltration capacity (hydrophilic conditions) increased. Sediment losses were controlled by rainfall intensity and surface cover. The role of soil water repellency on runoff generation was not consistent; the overall repellency levels alone were not enough to assess its hydrological impact. Soil water repellency explained runoff generation in the specific-sites model better than in the overall model. Additionally, soil moisture content was a better predictor for soil water repellency than antecedent rainfall. The natural rainfall results confirmed that RSE’s were able to capture the specific sediment losses and its organic matter content as well as the differences between the ploughed and unploughed sites. Repeated RSE’s also captured the seasonal variations in runoff and sediment losses attributed to soil water repellency. These results have implications for post-fire soil erosion modelling and soil conservation practices in the region, or areas with the same land use, climate and soil characteristics. The measured sediment loss, as well as the increasing frequency of ploughing in recently burnt and unburnt eucalypt stands, suggests ploughing is not an effective as a soil conservation measure. Logging activities with less impact are recommended in order to maintain the forest litter protecting the soil surface. Due to its high effectiveness in reducing runoff and soil erosion, hydromulch is recommended for highly sensitive and vulnerable areas.

Características do gás durante a gasificação de biomassa em leito fluidizado

Durante os últimos anos, a procura mundial de recursos energéticos renováveis tem sofrido um grande aumento. Neste grupo insere-se a biomassa, cuja conversão termoquímica, principalmente através de tecnologias de combustão e gasificação, é utilizada para a produção de energia térmica e elétrica. No processo de gasificação de biomassa é possível obter um combustível gasoso secundário com variadas aplicações, podendo inclusive servir como substituto do gás natural. No entanto, ao contrário da combustão, esta tecnologia aplicada à biomassa ainda está em fase de demonstração a nível industrial, apresentando algumas limitações em alguns aspetos tecnológicos, entre os quais a qualidade do gás produzido. Neste contexto, e com o objetivo de contribuir para o conhecimento da aplicabilidade desta tecnologia, surge o presente trabalho, onde a caracterização e definição das condições de operação de um gasificador de biomassa, bem como a caracterização do gás produzido foram objeto de estudo. Foi realizado um conjunto de experiências de gasificação direta, num reator de leito fluidizado borbulhante à escala piloto, com dois tipos de biomassa tipicamente encontrados em Portugal, e para diferentes condições de operação do gasificador, nomeadamente no que diz respeito à razão de equivalência. A biomassa utilizada consistiu em pellets comerciais de madeira e estilha de biomassa florestal residual derivada de pinheiro (Pinus pinaster), e resultante de operações florestais em Portugal. Na gama de temperatura do leito aplicada, tipicamente entre 800ºC e 875ºC, o reator funcionou em condições auto térmicas, isto é, sem a necessidade de recorrer a uma fonte de calor auxiliar externa. Em relação à composição do gás seco durante o processo de gasificação, os gases presentes em maior percentagem (em volume), para as experiências com ambos os tipos de biomassa, são o CO2 e o CO, com o primeiro a registar valores médios entre os 13.4% e os 16%, e o segundo entre 11.3% e 16.3%. Por ordem decrescente de concentração encontra-se o H2, na gama de 5.8% a 12.7%, o CH4 com valores médios entre 2.8% e 4.5%, e o C2H4 com concentrações médias entre 1.0% e 2.2%. Importa referir ainda a ausência de O2 no gás produzido. Verificou-se na concentração de H2, a principal diferença na composição do gás seco relativamente à gasificação dos dois combustíveis utilizados, com valores de concentração inferiores durante a operação com estilha de biomassa florestal residual derivada de pinheiro. Nas várias experiências realizadas, e para as condições operatórias utilizadas, observou-se que a razão de equivalência (RE) exerce um efeito significativo na composição do gás, verificando-se, genericamente, que com o aumento da RE a concentração de gases combustíveis diminui. Os valores de Poder Calorífico Inferior (PCI) obtidos para o gás seco produzido encontram-se na gama 3.4-5.6 MJ/Nm3, sendo que os valores mais elevados foram registados no decorrer dos ensaios de gasificação com pellets de madeira. Para ambos os combustíveis, o PCI do gás seco diminui com o aumento da RE.