Ulisses e o feminino: eros e epos

Na Odisseia, as errâncias de um homem à procura de um destino e em luta sem tréguas pela sobrevivência, contra as contingências naturais da vida, constituem um dos motores da narrativa da viagem de regresso de Ulisses. No relato das suas aventuras aparecem um conjunto de estadias localizadas em sítios fantásticos e de encontros com figuras não humanas, geralmente representadas no feminino. Com base numa leitura dos célebres episódios eróticos de Circe, de Calipso e de Nausícaa, pretende-se neste artigo analisar como a díade epos-eros contribuiu para uma caracterização mais humanizada das experiências de vida de um herói astucioso e versátil, que foi capaz de resistir a todos os perigos e nunca se deixou iludir pelas tentações que punham em risco o seu nostos.

Detection of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in aqueous effluents using ionic liquids

Significant improvements in human health have been achieved through the increased consumption of pharmaceutical drugs. However, most of these active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are excreted by mammals (in a metabolized or unchanged form) into the environment. The presence of residual amounts of these contaminants was already confirmed in aqueous streams since treatment processes either wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) or sewage treatment plants (STPs) are not specifically designed for this type of pollutants. Although they are present in aqueous effluents, they are usually at very low concentrations, most of the times below the detection limits of analytical equipment used for their quantification, hindering their accurate monitoring. Therefore, the development of a pre-concentration technique in order to accurately quantify and monitor these components in aqueous streams is of major relevance. This work addresses the use of liquid-liquid equilibria, applying ionic liquids (ILs), for the extraction and concentration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) from aqueous effluents. Particularly, aqueous biphasic systems (ABSs) composed of ILs and potassium citrate were investigated in the extraction and concentration of naproxen, diclofenac and ketoprofen from aqueous media. Both the extraction efficiency and concentration factor achievable by these systems was determined and evaluated. Within the best conditions, extraction efficiencies of 99.4% and concentration factors up to 13 times were obtained.