The analysis of political will and its role in leadership: a study of portuguese mayors

This thesis analyses the concept of Political Will, suggests its operationalization and establishes a typological theory that provides the necessary support for the diverse strategies of action of a leader. It claims that political leadership styles articulate a choice of action that results from the Political Will of a leader, which is determined by his intention and his discerned possibilities to act. One main research question guided our research: How does a political leader select and change his leadership style? The most illustrative literature on political leadership is reviewed and the characteristics of democratic governance are analyzed. This is followed by an overview of the most noteworthy theories on the theme and a claim for the need of concept coherence, given the multiplicity of the existent standpoints. After that, we concentrate on leadership styles, with a focus on the local governance context. Human action and intentionality are addressed with particular attention, as well as the motivational drivers for action, in order to advance a conceptualization of Political Will through two dimensions: intention and possibility. This analysis led to a number of relevant propositions: (1) Political Will ‘exists’ when the agent has the intent and the possibility to act; (2) these two dimensions ‘translate’ simultaneously what the agent believes he must do and can do; (3) Intention and possibility reflect diverse but limited worldviews; (4) political leadership styles result from the agent’s Political Will; (5) different combinations of the expected and actual worldviews result in different leadership styles; and (6) political leadership styles can change accordingly to several strategies which allow conformity or reflect reaction to worldviews. We suggested the operationalization of the two dimensions of Political Will through the analytical tool of Grid-group Theory, which provided the identification of the heuristic devices that allowed further comprehension on the subjectivity of the agent’s choice. Four standard property spaces – representing four types of leadership styles – result from a preliminary approach to this process. Afterwards, and because these dimensions operate simultaneously, we advance on the analysis and suggest some plausible heuristical conflicts to happen and describe which consequences, strategies and type migrations are conceivable. An inclusive and more complete set of resulting property spaces renders fourteen different types of leadership styles and sixty different predictable causal paths that result from the expected migration strategies. Case-studies were conducted as plausibility probes designed to provide improvements to our theoretical claims and addressed the cases we selected for research purposes: Portuguese Mayors. The findings from five case studies are discussed and the probable impact and congruence of each with the theoretical claims are assessed. The communalities of the causal mechanisms related to the function of intention and possibility as the dimensions of Political Will and their role in explaining different leadership styles are, finally, addressed. To conclude, we advance some repercussions, mainly in the public policies field of research, and suggest a number of different and necessary paths for further work.

Gestão escolar e culturas docentes: o público e o privado em análise

A presente investigação tem como objecto a cultura profissional docente e a gestão escolar das escolas públicas e privadas em estudo comparado. Entre a cultura organizacional e a cultura profissional existe uma relação dialéctica em que os dois tipos de cultura se influenciam reciprocamente. Em nossa opinião, a cultura profissional docente é influenciada pela cultura da organização, dependendo esta da gestão e liderança escolares. Ao pretendermos comparar a cultura docente no ensino público e privado teremos que analisar primeiro as problemáticas inerentes aos dois tipos de instituição, no que as aproxima e no que as distingue, não só, no que se refere ao seu funcionamento e organização, mas também ao tipo de cultura escolar e cultura docente dominantes. Justifica-se, assim, que abordemos no decurso do estudo questões variadas, dada a natureza complexa da “cultura profissional docente” que surge em estreita ligação com outras variáveis, como a gestão e liderança escolares. No que respeita à metodologia de investigação seguida, metodologia qualitativa e quantitativa, o estudo comparativo incidiu apenas em duas escolas públicas e duas escolas privadas – estudo de caso múltiplo. No que se refere aos instrumentos de recolha de informação, decidimos fazer um inquérito por questionário aos professores dos dois tipos de ensino e uma entrevista aos seus Directores. A opção pela metodologia mista surge como a mais conveniente e adequada à consecução dos objectivos desta investigação. A nossa hipótese de trabalho parte do pressuposto de que as culturas docentes devem ser geridas, construídas e aprendidas pelos docentes e até recriadas. Os Directores das escolas, através da sua gestão e liderança, podem desempenhar um papel «chave» na criação da cultura do estabelecimento, promovendo uma cultura docente de colaboração/cooperação. Em termos prospectivos, a construção de culturas de colaboração/cooperação e interdependência visam melhorar a qualidade do ensino. Nas escolas estudadas verificou-se uma evolução das culturas individualistas balcanizadas para as culturas colaborativas.