Geoquímica dos granitóides de Aguiar da Beira, norte de Portugal

A área de Aguiar da Beira está integrada nos terrenos autóctones da Zona Centro-ibérica e é constituída essencialmente por rochas granitóides variscas instaladas durante e após a terceira fase de deformação (D3). As relações de campo mostram que estes granitóides intruíram formações metassedimentares de idade proterozóica superior-câmbrica e as sequências do Ordovícico e do Carbónico do sinclinal Porto-Sátão, cujo extremo SE aflora na área de estudo. Com base na cartografia publicada e nos dados de campo colhidos no âmbito deste trabalho, foi possível individualizar oito intrusões distintas: o granodiorito -granito biotítico de Sernancelhe, o granito gnaissoso de duas micas, o granito moscovítico-biotítico de Vila Nova de Paiva, o granodiorito-granito biotítico-moscovítico de Lagares e os granitos de Touro (biotítico-moscovítico), Aguiar da Beira (moscovítico-biotítico), Pera Velha / Vila da Ponte (biotítico-moscovítico) e Rei Mouro (moscovítico-biotítico). A presença de encraves microgranulares em cinco dos granitóides estudados sugere que os processos de mistura de magmas desempenharam um papel importante na sua petrogénese. As datações U-Pb obtidas em zircões e monazites durante o presente estudo permitiram subdividir os granitóides de Aguiar da Beira em três grupos, de acordo com as suas relações com a terceira fase de deformação (D3): granitóides sin-tectónicos (Sernancelhe e granito gnaissoso; 322-317 Ma), tardi-tectónicos (Vila Nova de Paiva, Lagares e Touro; 308-306 Ma), e tardi- a pós-tectónicos (Aguiar da Beira, Pera Velha / Vila da Ponte e Rei Mouro; 303297 Ma). As assinaturas geoquímicas de elementos maiores e traço dos granitóides estudados, em conjunto com os dados isotópicos Sr-Nd e δ18 (rocha total e zircão) apontam para uma contribuição significativa de protólitos crustais na génese destes magmas. Á excepção do granito gnaissoso, todos os granitóides possuem um carácter transicional entre os granitos do tipo I e do tipo S, o que apoiado pelos dados de geoquímica de rocha total e isotópica, e pela presença de encraves microgranulares de composição mais máfica presentes em muitos deles, indicia uma forte intervenção de processos de hibridização de líquidos de proveniência distinta (crustais e mantélicos), em diferentes proporções, na sua origem. Pelo contrário, as características geoquímicas e isotópicas do granito gnaissoso revelam claras afinidades com os granitos do tipo S, e sugerem que tenha derivado da anatexia de fontes exclusivamente supracrustais. No entanto, parte da variabilidade geoquímica e isotópica observada em todos os granitóides estudados só poderá ser explicada pela actuação de processos de cristalização fraccionada, especialmente intensos no caso do granito gnaissoso e dos granitos tardi- a PÓS-D3.

Petrologic and geochemical characterization of São Jorge island volcanism, Azores

The island of São Jorge (38º 45’ 24’’ N - 28º 20’ 44’’W and 38º 33’ 00’’ N - 27º 44’ 32’’ W) is one of the nine islands of the Azores Archipelago that is rooted in the Azores Plateau, a wide and complex region which encompasses the triple junction between the American, Eurasia and Nubia plates. São Jorge Island has grown by fissural volcanic activity along fractures with the regional WNW-ESE trend, unveiling the importance of the regional tectonics during volcanic activity. The combination of the volcanostratigraphy (Forjaz & Fernandes, 1975; and Madeira, 1998) with geochronological data evidences that the island developed during two main volcanic phases. The first subaerial phase that occurred between 1.32 and 1.21 Ma ago (Hildenbrand et al. 2008) is recorded on the lava sequence forming the cliff at Fajã de São João, while the second phase started at 757 ka ago, is still active, and edified the rest of the island. This second phase edified the east side of the island that corresponds to Topo Volcanic Complex, in the period between 757 and 543 ka ago, while the west side named Rosais Volcanic Complex, started at 368 ka ago (Hildenbrand et al. 2008) and was still active at 117 ka ago. After the onset of Rosais, volcanic activity migrates to the center of São Jorge edifying Manadas Volcanic Complex. The volcanism on São Jorge is dominantly alkaline, with a narrow lithological composition ranging between the basanites/tefrites through the basaltic trachyandesites, in spite of this the two volcanic phases show distinct mineralogical, petrographic and geochemical characteristics that should be related with different petrogenetic conditions and growth rates of the island. Abstract viii During the first volcanic phase, growth rates are faster (≈3.4 m/ka), the lavas are slightly less alkaline and plagioclase-richer, pointing to the existence of a relative shallow and dynamic magma chamber where fractional crystallization associated with gravitational segregation and accumulation processes, produced the lavas of Fajã de São João sequence. The average growth rates during the second volcanic phase are lower (≈1.9 m/ka) and the lavas are mainly alkaline sodic, with a mineralogy composed by olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase and oxide phenocrysts, in a crystalline groundmass. The lavas are characterized by enrichment in incompatible trace element and light REE, but show differences for close-spaced lavas that unveil, in some cases, slight different degrees of fertilization of the mantle source along the island. These differences might also result from higher degrees of partial melting, as observed in the early stages of Topo and Rosais volcanic complexes, of a mantle source with residual garnet and amphibole, and/or from changing melting conditions of the mantle source as pressure. The subtle geochemical differences of the lavas contrast with the isotopic signatures, obtained from Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopes, that São Jorge Island volcanism exhibit along its volcanic complexes. The lavas from Topo Volcanic Complex and from the submarine flank, i.e. the lavas located east of Ribeira Seca Fault, sample a mantle source with similar isotopic signature that, in terms of lead, overlaps Terceira Island. The lavas from Rosais and Manadas volcanic complexes, the western lavas, sample a mantle source that becomes progressively more distinct towards the west end of the island and that, in terms of lead isotopes, trends towards the isotopic composition of Faial Island. The two isotopic signatures of São Jorge, observed from the combination of lead isotopes with the other three systems, seem to result from the mixing of three distinct end-members. These end-members are (1) the common component related with the Azores Plateau and the MAR, (2) the eastern component with a FOZO signature and possibly related with the Azores plume located beneath Terceira, and (3) the western component, similar to Faial, where the lithosphere could have been entrained by an ancient magmatic liquid, isolated for a period longer than 2Ga. The two trends observed in the island reinforce the idea of small-scale mantle heterogeneities beneath the Azores region, as it has been proposed to explain the isotopic diversity observed in the Archipelago.

Biology, ecology, population dynamics and distribution of metals in Sepia officinalis on a typical estuarine coastal lagoon - Ria de Aveiro

The common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, is a necto-benthic cephalopod that can live in coastal ecosystems, with high influence of anthropogenic pressures and thus be vulnerable to exposure to various types of contaminants. The cuttlefish is a species of great importance to the local economy of Aveiro, considering the global data of catches of this species in the Ria de Aveiro. However, studies on this species in Ria de Aveiro are scarce, so the present study aims to fill this information gap about the cuttlefish in the Ria de Aveiro. The cuttlefish enters Ria de Aveiro in the spring and summer to reproduce, returning to deeper waters in the winter. In terms of abundance, the eastern and center regions of the lagoon, closer to the sea, showed the highest values of abundance, while the northern and southern regions of the main channel had the lowest abundance. This fact may be related to abiotic factors, as well as depth, salinity and temperature. In the most southern point of the Ria de Aveiro (Areão) no cuttlefish was caught. This site had the lowest values of salinity and depth. The cuttlefish has an allometric the females being heavier than males to mantle lengths greater than 82.4 mm. Males reach sexual maturity first than females. In Ria de Aveiro in a generation of parents was found. The cuttlefish, presents itself as opportunistic predators, consuming a wide variety of prey from different taxa. The diet was similar in different sampling locations observing significant differences for the seasons. S. officinalis was captured at 10 sites in the Ria de Aveiro with different anthropogenic sources of contamination. Thus, levels of metals analyzed were similar at all sampling sites, with the exception of a restricted area, Laranjo, which showed higher values. The cuttlefish has the ability to accumulate metals in your body. The levels of Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb and Hg found in the digestive gland and mantle reflect a differential accumulation of metals in the tissues. This accumulation is related to the type and function of tissue analyzed and the type of metal analysis (essential and non-essential). The metal concentrations in the digestive gland are higher than in the mantle, with the exception of mercury. This may be due to the high affinity of the mantle for the incorporation of methylmercury (MeHg), the most abundant form of mercury. The accumulation of metals can vary over a lifetime, depending on the metal. The concentrations of Zn, Cd and Hg increases throughout life, while Pb decreases and essential metals such as Fe and Cu remain constant. The data collected suggest that the cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) can be used as a bioindicator of environmental contamination for some metals.