The analysis of political will and its role in leadership: a study of portuguese mayors

This thesis analyses the concept of Political Will, suggests its operationalization and establishes a typological theory that provides the necessary support for the diverse strategies of action of a leader. It claims that political leadership styles articulate a choice of action that results from the Political Will of a leader, which is determined by his intention and his discerned possibilities to act. One main research question guided our research: How does a political leader select and change his leadership style? The most illustrative literature on political leadership is reviewed and the characteristics of democratic governance are analyzed. This is followed by an overview of the most noteworthy theories on the theme and a claim for the need of concept coherence, given the multiplicity of the existent standpoints. After that, we concentrate on leadership styles, with a focus on the local governance context. Human action and intentionality are addressed with particular attention, as well as the motivational drivers for action, in order to advance a conceptualization of Political Will through two dimensions: intention and possibility. This analysis led to a number of relevant propositions: (1) Political Will ‘exists’ when the agent has the intent and the possibility to act; (2) these two dimensions ‘translate’ simultaneously what the agent believes he must do and can do; (3) Intention and possibility reflect diverse but limited worldviews; (4) political leadership styles result from the agent’s Political Will; (5) different combinations of the expected and actual worldviews result in different leadership styles; and (6) political leadership styles can change accordingly to several strategies which allow conformity or reflect reaction to worldviews. We suggested the operationalization of the two dimensions of Political Will through the analytical tool of Grid-group Theory, which provided the identification of the heuristic devices that allowed further comprehension on the subjectivity of the agent’s choice. Four standard property spaces – representing four types of leadership styles – result from a preliminary approach to this process. Afterwards, and because these dimensions operate simultaneously, we advance on the analysis and suggest some plausible heuristical conflicts to happen and describe which consequences, strategies and type migrations are conceivable. An inclusive and more complete set of resulting property spaces renders fourteen different types of leadership styles and sixty different predictable causal paths that result from the expected migration strategies. Case-studies were conducted as plausibility probes designed to provide improvements to our theoretical claims and addressed the cases we selected for research purposes: Portuguese Mayors. The findings from five case studies are discussed and the probable impact and congruence of each with the theoretical claims are assessed. The communalities of the causal mechanisms related to the function of intention and possibility as the dimensions of Political Will and their role in explaining different leadership styles are, finally, addressed. To conclude, we advance some repercussions, mainly in the public policies field of research, and suggest a number of different and necessary paths for further work.

Lideranças nas organizações escolares : estudos de caso sobre o desempenho dos presidentes dos agrupamentos de escolas

Desde há mais de um século que o estudo da gestão ocupa um lugar de relevo no campo da investigação movimentando o mundo das organizações no sentido do aumento da produtividade e da qualidade dos serviços prestados. Se é certo que a economia influencia a educação, também esta influencia todo o desenvolvimento económico, social e cultural. Com efeito, sobre a Escola exercem-se crescentes pressões tentando promover o aumento da qualidade do serviço educativo prestado, tornando-se cada vez mais importante reflectir sobre a problemática da organização escolar e, por consequência, da sua liderança, dada a importância que esta assume nos contextos educativos. Embora plasmada na produção normativa, a liderança não tem sido objecto de aprofundados estudos e reflexão. Com a presente investigação, que denominamos Lideranças nas Organizações Escolares – Estudos de caso sobre o desempenho dos Presidentes dos Agrupamentos de Escolas, pretendemos perceber a opinião dos docentes acerca do desempenho dos seus gestores e dos processos de liderança postos em prática enquanto factores determinantes das organizações escolares de sucesso. Para tal começámos por analisar a administração e gestão das escolas em Portugal e as suas transformações legislativas nas últimas décadas para, de seguida, procedemos à revisão da literatura sobre as questões da liderança, sem esquecer as suas ligações com a problemática da análise organizacional e das teorias da administração. No sentido de dar maior consistência e argumentação à reflexão sobre a temática da liderança em Portugal debruçámo-nos ainda sobre a colegialidade docente e a sua importância no desenvolvimento da gestão e da liderança nas escolas portuguesas. Em termos metodológicos, optámos por estudos de caso no âmbito dos quais aplicámos um inquérito por questionário aos docentes dos três Agrupamentos de Escolas seleccionados, entrevistámos os Presidentes dos Conselhos Executivos e elementos dos órgãos de gestão intermédia de cada uma destas organizações escolares. Os dados foram apresentados e discutidos tendo como referencial o quadro teórico proposto, identificaram-se os modos de desempenho e de liderança dos Presidentes dos Agrupamentos em análise, constituindo aspecto fundamental a ter em conta nesta investigação a importância que a colegialidade docente assume nos modos de gestão e de liderança das nossas escolas.

Revenue diversification in higher education: the case of Portugal

Socio-economic changes, alterations in societal expectations and new public policies have put pressures on higher education public funding, bringing the issue of funding diversification to the forefront. Income diversification, namely, generation of funds from private, as well as from competitive public sources, has become increasingly important in European higher education due to a complex financial environment and perceived deficit of innovation transfer. Although there are numerous studies about changes in national funding systems and allocation mechanisms, few have focused on diversification of funding sources, especially in the European context, making Portugal no exception. Thus, this study aims at exploring income diversification at the institutional level and its influence on the internal organisational structures. For this purpose two Portuguese public universities were chosen as case studies. The empirical material was collected through semi-structured interviews with top management and middle management of each university and through documentary analysis. Data analysis demonstrated that both universities are in the process of institutionalizing and formalising practices of income diversification, notably by getting more professional in how they are dealing with external stakeholders, such as businesses, local community, and students. However, the study also revealed that there is no formal, organised strategy to deal with income diversification. In general, the universities are reacting to external demands rather than pro-actively exploring opportunities. In this respect, the analysis determined several factors that promote or inhibit income diversification activities. Quality and favourable organizational culture were named by the interviewees as the most relevant factors for successful income diversification. External factors such as legal arrangements and funding conditions were cited as major constraints. This research has also revealed that revenue diversification activities tend to develop along the continuum towards higher sophistication and systematisation of activities that are supported by a powerful infrastructure. Together with efforts at the institutional level, the role of government policies proves to be crucial in providing tools and incentives to higher education institutions and creating a harmonious higher education system.