Study of multiferroic materials

The present PhD work aims the research and development of materials that exhibit multiferroic properties, in particular having a significant interaction between ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity; either directly within an intrinsic single phase or by combining extrinsic materials, achieving the coupling of properties through mechanic phenomena of the respective magnetostriction and piezoelectricity. These hybrid properties will allow the cross modification of magnetic and electric polarization states by the application of cross external magnetic and/or electric fields, giving way to a vast area for scientific investigation and potential technological applications in a new generation of electronic devices, such as computer memories, signal processing, transducers, sensors, etc. Initial experimental work consisted in chemical synthesis of nano powders oxides by urea pyrolysis method: A series of ceramic bulk composites with potential multiferroic properties comprised: of LuMnO3 with La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 and BaTiO3 with La0.7Ba0.3MnO3; and a series based on the intrinsic multiferroic LuMn1-zO3 phase modified with of Manganese vacancies. The acquisition of a new magnetron RF sputtering deposition system, in the Physics Department of Aveiro University, contributed to the proposal of an analogous experimental study in multiferroic thin films and multilayer samples. Besides the operational debut of this equipment several technical upgrades were completed like: the design and construction of the heater electrical contacts; specific shutters and supports for the magnetrons and for the substrate holder and; the addition of mass flow controllers, which allowed the introduction of N2 or O2 active atmosphere in the chamber; and the addition of a second RF generator, enabling co-deposition of different targets. Base study of the deposition conditions and resulting thin films characteristics in different substrates was made from an extensive list of targets. Particular attention was given to thin film deposition of magnetic phases La1-xSrxMnO3, La1-xBaxMnO3 and Ni2+x-yMn1-xGa1+y alloy, from the respective targets: La0.7Sr0.3MnO3, La0.7Ba0.3MnO3; and NiGa with NiMn. Main structural characterization of samples was performed by conventional and high resolution X-Ray Diffraction (XRD); chemical composition was determined by Electron Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDS); magnetization measurements recur to a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) prototype; and surface probing (SPM) using Magnetic-Force (MFM) and Piezo-Response (PFM) Microscopy. Results clearly show that the composite bulk samples (LuM+LSM and BTO+LBM) feat the intended quality objectives in terms of phase composition and purity, having spurious contents below 0.5 %. SEM images confirm compact grain packaging and size distribution around the 50 nm scale. Electric conductivity, magnetization intensity and magneto impedance spreading response are coherent with the relative amount of magnetic phase in the sample. The existence of coupling between the functional phases is confirmed by the Magnetoelectric effect measurements of the sample “78%LuM+22%LSM” reaching 300% of electric response for 1 T at 100 kHz; while in the “78%BTO+22%LBM” sample the structural transitions of the magnetic phase at ~350 K result in a inversion of ME coefficient the behavior. A functional Magneto-Resistance measurement system was assembled from the concept stage until the, development and operational status; it enabled to test samples from 77 to 350 K, under an applied magnetic field up to 1 Tesla with 360º horizontal rotation; this system was also designed to measure Hall effect and has the potential to be further upgraded. Under collaboration protocols established with national and international institutions, complementary courses and sample characterization studies were performed using Magneto-Resistance (MR), Magneto-Impedance (MZ) and Magneto-Electric (ME) measurements; Raman and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS); SQUID and VSM magnetization; Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Rutherford Back Scattering (RBS); Scan Probe Microscopy (SPM) with Band Excitation Probe Spectroscopy (BEPS); Neutron Powder Diffraction (NPD) and Perturbed Angular Correlations (PAC). Additional collaboration in research projects outside the scope of multiferroic materials provided further experience in sample preparation and characterization techniques, namely VSM and XPS measurements were performed in cubane molecular complex compounds and enable to identify the oxidation state of the integrating cluster of Ru ions; also, XRD and EDS/SEM analysis of the acquired targets and substrates implied the devolution of some items not in conformity with the specifications. Direct cooperation with parallel research projects regarding multiferroic materials, enable the assess to supplementary samples, namely a preliminary series of nanopowder Y1-x-yCaxØyMn1O3 and of Eu0.8Y0.2MnO3, a series of micropowder composites of LuMnO3 with La0.625Sr0.375MnO3 and of BaTiO3 with hexagonal ferrites; mono and polycrystalline samples of Pr1-xCaxMnO3, La1-xSrxMnO3 and La1-xCaxMnO3.

Contributos para a eficácia do clustering usando o tagging social

Nos últimos anos temos vindo a assistir a uma mudança na forma como a informação é disponibilizada online. O surgimento da web para todos possibilitou a fácil edição, disponibilização e partilha da informação gerando um considerável aumento da mesma. Rapidamente surgiram sistemas que permitem a coleção e partilha dessa informação, que para além de possibilitarem a coleção dos recursos também permitem que os utilizadores a descrevam utilizando tags ou comentários. A organização automática dessa informação é um dos maiores desafios no contexto da web atual. Apesar de existirem vários algoritmos de clustering, o compromisso entre a eficácia (formação de grupos que fazem sentido) e a eficiência (execução em tempo aceitável) é difícil de encontrar. Neste sentido, esta investigação tem por problemática aferir se um sistema de agrupamento automático de documentos, melhora a sua eficácia quando se integra um sistema de classificação social. Analisámos e discutimos dois métodos baseados no algoritmo k-means para o clustering de documentos e que possibilitam a integração do tagging social nesse processo. O primeiro permite a integração das tags diretamente no Vector Space Model e o segundo propõe a integração das tags para a seleção das sementes iniciais. O primeiro método permite que as tags sejam pesadas em função da sua ocorrência no documento através do parâmetro Social Slider. Este método foi criado tendo por base um modelo de predição que sugere que, quando se utiliza a similaridade dos cossenos, documentos que partilham tags ficam mais próximos enquanto que, no caso de não partilharem, ficam mais distantes. O segundo método deu origem a um algoritmo que denominamos k-C. Este para além de permitir a seleção inicial das sementes através de uma rede de tags também altera a forma como os novos centróides em cada iteração são calculados. A alteração ao cálculo dos centróides teve em consideração uma reflexão sobre a utilização da distância euclidiana e similaridade dos cossenos no algoritmo de clustering k-means. No contexto da avaliação dos algoritmos foram propostos dois algoritmos, o algoritmo da “Ground truth automática” e o algoritmo MCI. O primeiro permite a deteção da estrutura dos dados, caso seja desconhecida, e o segundo é uma medida de avaliação interna baseada na similaridade dos cossenos entre o documento mais próximo de cada documento. A análise de resultados preliminares sugere que a utilização do primeiro método de integração das tags no VSM tem mais impacto no algoritmo k-means do que no algoritmo k-C. Além disso, os resultados obtidos evidenciam que não existe correlação entre a escolha do parâmetro SS e a qualidade dos clusters. Neste sentido, os restantes testes foram conduzidos utilizando apenas o algoritmo k-C (sem integração de tags no VSM), sendo que os resultados obtidos indicam que a utilização deste algoritmo tende a gerar clusters mais eficazes.

Spectra and Laplacian spectra of arbitrary powers of lexicographic products of graphs

Consider two graphs G and H. Let H^k[G] be the lexicographic product of H^k and G, where H^k is the lexicographic product of the graph H by itself k times. In this paper, we determine the spectrum of H^k[G]H and H^k when G and H are regular and the Laplacian spectrum of H^k[G] and H^k for G and H arbitrary. Particular emphasis is given to the least eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix in the case of lexicographic powers of regular graphs, and to the algebraic connectivity and the largest Laplacian eigenvalues in the case of lexicographic powers of arbitrary graphs. This approach allows the determination of the spectrum (in case of regular graphs) and Laplacian spectrum (for arbitrary graphs) of huge graphs. As an example, the spectrum of the lexicographic power of the Petersen graph with the googol number (that is, 10^100 ) of vertices is determined. The paper finishes with the extension of some well known spectral and combinatorial invariant properties of graphs to its lexicographic powers.