A figura masculina na docência do ensino primário : um "corpo estranho" no quotidiano das escolas públicas "primárias" do Rio de Janeiro-Brasil e Aveiro-Portugal

Esta tese é um estudo comparativo que dá conta de uma busca centrada na figura do professor do sexo masculino que trabalha no ensino público do “ensino primário” do Rio de Janeiro - Brasil e em Aveiro - Portugal. O que se pretende averiguar, fundamentalmente, são os motivos e as conseqüências da escolha profissional destes professores que se enveredam por uma área tipicamente associada com o feminino, uma associação tão forte que estes professores parecem um “corpo estranho” no quotidiano das escolas públicas “primárias”. Ou seja, nosso objetivo é entender por que os homens escolhem o magistério? Esta escolha é bem vista pelas pessoas do seu quotidiano ou é desvalorizada? Estes homens estão satisfeitos com a sua profissão ou ela serve como um trampolim para outras? A aptidão para o magistério depende do sexo? Eles são bem recebidos na sua profissão ou sofrem discriminações? Será que ganhamos algo com a existência ou ingresso de homens no magistério primário? Pesquisar a opção docente dos homens que ingressam no magistério público é importante porque a escola é o espaço de vivência e convivência educacional onde a maioria da população é socializada. Desta forma, esta investigação mostra-se relevante ao promover discussões centradas nas representações de gênero que rondam o campo profissional da docência, questionando a normalização do magistério enquanto profissão aliada a atributos considerados femininos, tendo como desafio desmistificar as representações preconceituosas de gênero que cercam os professores deste segmento. A tese foi orientada pela abordagem de investigação narrativa, centrada no método qualitativo, para obter uma maior profundidade dos dados, assim como no método quantitativo, com o fim de obter também dados mais gerais sobre a temática. A informação foi recolhida através de inquéritos por questionário e entrevistas com professores “primários” do sexo masculino. Apontamos que a presença de professores do sexo masculino na docência do “ensino primário” é uma forma de inserir as questões de gênero na educação, mostrando que existem outros temas e outras vozes que ecoam nas escolas, ou seja, indivíduos capazes de exercer esta profissão independente do seu sexo. Demonstramos, acima de tudo, que apesar das discriminações, do malestar, do estatuto financeiro e social, o homem pode escolher essa atividade por gosto, ter sucesso e reconhecimento profissional.

Metabolic signature of lung cancer: a metabolomic study of human tissues and biofluids

This thesis reports the application of metabolomics to human tissues and biofluids (blood plasma and urine) to unveil the metabolic signature of primary lung cancer. In Chapter 1, a brief introduction on lung cancer epidemiology and pathogenesis, together with a review of the main metabolic dysregulations known to be associated with cancer, is presented. The metabolomics approach is also described, addressing the analytical and statistical methods employed, as well as the current state of the art on its application to clinical lung cancer studies. Chapter 2 provides the experimental details of this work, in regard to the subjects enrolled, sample collection and analysis, and data processing. In Chapter 3, the metabolic characterization of intact lung tissues (from 56 patients) by proton High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning (HRMAS) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is described. After careful assessment of acquisition conditions and thorough spectral assignment (over 50 metabolites identified), the metabolic profiles of tumour and adjacent control tissues were compared through multivariate analysis. The two tissue classes could be discriminated with 97% accuracy, with 13 metabolites significantly accounting for this discrimination: glucose and acetate (depleted in tumours), together with lactate, alanine, glutamate, GSH, taurine, creatine, phosphocholine, glycerophosphocholine, phosphoethanolamine, uracil nucleotides and peptides (increased in tumours). Some of these variations corroborated typical features of cancer metabolism (e.g., upregulated glycolysis and glutaminolysis), while others suggested less known pathways (e.g., antioxidant protection, protein degradation) to play important roles. Another major and novel finding described in this chapter was the dependence of this metabolic signature on tumour histological subtype. While main alterations in adenocarcinomas (AdC) related to phospholipid and protein metabolisms, squamous cell carcinomas (SqCC) were found to have stronger glycolytic and glutaminolytic profiles, making it possible to build a valid classification model to discriminate these two subtypes. Chapter 4 reports the NMR metabolomic study of blood plasma from over 100 patients and near 100 healthy controls, the multivariate model built having afforded a classification rate of 87%. The two groups were found to differ significantly in the levels of lactate, pyruvate, acetoacetate, LDL+VLDL lipoproteins and glycoproteins (increased in patients), together with glutamine, histidine, valine, methanol, HDL lipoproteins and two unassigned compounds (decreased in patients). Interestingly, these variations were detected from initial disease stages and the magnitude of some of them depended on the histological type, although not allowing AdC vs. SqCC discrimination. Moreover, it is shown in this chapter that age mismatch between control and cancer groups could not be ruled out as a possible confounding factor, and exploratory external validation afforded a classification rate of 85%. The NMR profiling of urine from lung cancer patients and healthy controls is presented in Chapter 5. Compared to plasma, the classification model built with urinary profiles resulted in a superior classification rate (97%). After careful assessment of possible bias from gender, age and smoking habits, a set of 19 metabolites was proposed to be cancer-related (out of which 3 were unknowns and 6 were partially identified as N-acetylated metabolites). As for plasma, these variations were detected regardless of disease stage and showed some dependency on histological subtype, the AdC vs. SqCC model built showing modest predictive power. In addition, preliminary external validation of the urine-based classification model afforded 100% sensitivity and 90% specificity, which are exciting results in terms of potential for future clinical application. Chapter 6 describes the analysis of urine from a subset of patients by a different profiling technique, namely, Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS). Although the identification of discriminant metabolites was very limited, multivariate models showed high classification rate and predictive power, thus reinforcing the value of urine in the context of lung cancer diagnosis. Finally, the main conclusions of this thesis are presented in Chapter 7, highlighting the potential of integrated metabolomics of tissues and biofluids to improve current understanding of lung cancer altered metabolism and to reveal new marker profiles with diagnostic value.