Clubes de ciências e o percurso escolar dos alunos

Os factores que levam os alunos, no final da escolaridade obrigatória, a escolher o seu percurso escolar são vários. Neste estudo procurou-se saber em que medida a frequência de Clubes na área das Ciências influenciam essa decisão e, ainda, estudar como potenciar a sua organização no sentido de que estes possam contribuir positivamente para as escolhas dos alunos por percursos escolares na área das Ciências. A investigação decorreu em duas fases. Na primeira fase, foi avaliada a influência dos Clubes de Ciências na decisão do percurso escolar dos alunos, no final da escolaridade básica. Nesta fase foram realizados os seguintes procedimentos: -Entrevista semi-estruturada realizada a sete professoras responsáveis de Clubes na área das Ciências Físicas e Naturais, de 7 Escolas Secundárias da região de Aveiro. -Administração de um questionário, construído com questões maioritariamente fechadas, a uma amostra de 106 alunos, do 10ºAno, provenientes de 11 Escolas Secundárias da região de Aveiro, que frequentaram Clubes na área das Ciências Físicas e Naturais, no 3º Ciclo. -Tratamento estatístico das questões do questionário, com recurso ao programa SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) e análise de conteúdo das questões abertas do questionário e das entrevistas, recorrendose para o efeito à construção de categorias de resposta. Na segunda fase concebeu-se e implementou-se um Clube de Ciências. Nesta fase surgiu a criação do Clube: ”Educação para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável”, no qual foi desenvolvido o projecto: “Construção e dinamização de uma Estação Meteorológica”, numa Escola Básica do 2º e 3º Ciclos do Concelho de Aveiro. Os resultados obtidos na primeira fase do estudo são reveladores da importância que é atribuída às experiências vivenciadas pelos alunos nos Clubes de Ciências que frequentaram. Os temas/assuntos abordados foram essencialmente conteúdos ligados a áreas do conhecimento das disciplinas de Ciências. Predominaram as estratégias com base em trabalho de projecto e em actividades experimentais. Indicadores nacionais e internacionais têm evidenciado um decréscimo no número de jovens que, na sua escolaridade, optam por estudos nas áreas das Ciências e da Tecnologia. Este decréscimo tem sido um factor de preocupação ao nível das políticas educativas, nomeadamente europeias, tornando-se urgente, por um lado, compreender o porquê desse facto e, por outro, encontrar formas de o minimizar. Os Clubes na perspectiva das responsáveis entrevistadas: (a) Surgem como uma oportunidade para melhorar as competências dos alunos ao nível do saber fazer; (b) Permitem confirmar e reforçar a motivação e o gosto pelas Ciências; (c) Podem, também, dar-lhes orientações para o futuro, embora esta não tenha sido uma preocupação explícita; (d) São do agrado dos alunos devido a apresentarem actividades não meramente académicas e formais. Os Clubes, na perspectiva dos alunos respondentes: (a) Aumentaram a motivação para estudar Ciências; (b) Permitiram relacionar as Ciências com o dia-a-dia; (c) Ajudaram na escolha do curso que frequentam no Ensino Secundário; (d) Contribuíram para querer exercer uma profissão na área das Ciências. Na segunda fase do estudo, foi desenvolvido um trabalho de projecto que envolveu alunos do 3º Ciclo. O tema do projecto, proposto e implementado, coincidiu com os dois temas menos abordados, nos Clubes frequentados pelos respondentes da primeira fase do estudo, Meteorologia e Temáticas com Impacto Social. Por outro lado o Clube pretendeu contribuir para a Década da Educação para o Desenvolvimento Sustentado, instituída pelas Nações Unidas, para fazer frente à actual situação de emergência planetária. Uma estratégia privilegiada para formar cidadãos capazes de assumir atitudes e valores com vista ao desenvolvimento sustentável, passa pela Educação em todas as suas vertentes, nomeadamente a do ensino não formal, na qual se incluem os Clubes de Ciências. ABSTRACT: National and international indicators have showed a decrease in the number of youngsters that, during their school course make their choices in the study areas of Science and Technology. This decreasing tendency has been a motive of concern as far as the European educational policies are concerned. Thus, it is urgent to understand the reason behind that situation and find ways to minimize it. There are various factors that make students choose their study areas in the end of their school course. This study aimed to find out how the Science Clubs can influence their decisions as well as to study new ways to improve their organization in such a way that they may contribute positively to the students’ choices of their school careers in the area of Science. The investigation was divided in two parts: in the first part, it was evaluated the level of the influence of the Science Clubs in the students’ school careers at the end of the elementary education. At this stage it was adopted the following procedure: -A semi-structured interview was applied to 7 female teachers that are responsible for the Natural and Physics Science Clubs, in secondary schools, in the region of Aveiro; -A mainly close-question questionnaire was applied to a sample of 106 students, in the 10th grade, in 11 secondary schools, in the region of Aveiro. These students have attended some Natural and Physics Science Clubs, during the 7th, 8th and 9th grades; -Statistical work of the questionnaire was done with the help of the SPSS programme (Statistical Package for the Social Science) as well as the analysis of the contents of the open-questions of the questionnaire and the interviews by means of the answer-category method. In the second part, a Science Club was planned and implemented. At this stage, a club was created - “Education for the Sustainable Development” - within which the following project was developed – “Building and Development of a Meteorological Observatory”, at a 2nd and 3rd Ciclos (Stages) Elementary School, in Aveiro. The results of the first part of this study case have showed clearly the importance given to the experiences of the students while attending the Science Clubs. The themes/subjects studied were mainly science knowledgerelated contents. The strategies adopted were based on project work and experimental activities. A view of the Clubs by the people who are responsible for them: (a)The Clubs mean an opportunity for students to learn the know-how process; (b)They have provided the reinforcement of the motivation and preference for Science; (c)Although it was not the main concern with the clubs, the truth is that they can also give the students a sense of awareness for the future; (d)Students like to make part of the clubs because of their experimental character. A view of the Clubs by the students who make part of them: (a)The clubs have increased the level of motivation to study Science; (b)They have allowed a close perspective of the daily life reality; (c)They have helped with the choice of the Secondary School courses; (d)They have made students want a future professional career in the area of Science. In the second part of this study case, a project work was carried out involving 7th, 8th and 9th grade students. The subject of the project, considered and implemented, coincided with the two less boarded subjects, in the Clubs attended a course for the respondents of the first phase of the study, Meteorology and Thematic with Social Impact. The Club also aimed to contribute to the decade of the “Education for the Sustained Future” as settled by the United Nations in order to face the present emergency situation of the planet. The last but not the least, it is believed that, the best strategy to teach future citizens who are able to take the responsibility of their values and attitudes towards a sustainable future, is to provide them a type of Education that can teach them both the formal curriculum aspects and the informal ones, as it is the case of the Science Clubs.

Trabalho colaborativo docente na gestão do currículo do ensino básico: do discurso às práticas

A diversidade, complexidade e imprevisibilidade que caracterizam a sociedade actual exigem da Escola uma articulação eficaz entre as aprendizagens e a realidade sociocultural dos alunos, de modo a promover a formação de cidadãos instruídos, competentes, críticos e aptos para aprender a aprender ao longo da vida. Neste sentido, é crucial contextualizar e gerir o currículo, adequando-o à multiplicidade e idiossincrasias dos alunos e seus contextos, assegurando-lhes aprendizagens funcionais e de qualidade. A implementação do processo de Reorganização Curricular do Ensino Básico, consubstanciado através da promulgação do Decreto-Lei n.º 6/2001, de 18 de Janeiro, ambiciona(va) melhorar a eficácia de resposta da escola ao seu mandato social, atribuindo a esta a centralidade na reconceptualização do currículo nacional em função dos contextos com que trabalha. Para tal, a auto-implicação, a negociação e a colaboração são pressupostos indispensáveis a um processo de gestão curricular centrado na escola e operacionalizado no contexto das suas diferentes estruturas. Nesta perspectiva, estruturas de gestão curricular intermédia como o conselho de turma e o departamento curricular, assumem particular ênfase na promoção e desenvolvimento de práticas de colaboração docente fulcrais a processos de gestão curricular. Assim, analisar e aprofundar conhecimento sobre condições facilitadoras, bem como factores de dificultação, do desenvolvimento de práticas de colaboração docente no contexto das referidas estruturas, identificadas na sequência da implementação da orientação de política curricular traduzida no referido decreto-lei constituiu o principal objectivo subjacente a este estudo. Procurou-se relacionar esta análise com dimensões de cultura profissional e organizacional, que a literatura e a investigação revistas documentam como factores relevantes na transformação de práticas curriculares. O presente estudo decorreu em dois momentos: o primeiro, no ano lectivo de 2006/2007, assumiu uma natureza predominantemente quantitativa, privilegiando-se como técnica de recolha de dados o inquérito por questionário aplicado 2718 professores que se encontravam a leccionar Ciências da Natureza, Ciências Naturais ou Ciências Físico-Químicas na rede de escolas públicas com 2º e 3º Ciclos da Direcção Regional de Educação do Norte (DREN) e do Centro de Área Educativa (CAE) de Aveiro, o qual foi complementado com a realização de uma entrevista semi-estruturada a seis professores de Ciências Físicas e Naturais; o segundo momento, realizado no ano lectivo de 2007/2008, adoptou uma metodologia de investigação, essencialmente, qualitativa – estudo de caso – desenvolvido numa escola básica com 2º e 3º ciclos com doze professores pertencentes a um conselho de turma e com oito professores de Ciências Físicas e Naturais afectos ao departamento curricular de Matemática e Ciências Experimentais. Este momento caracterizou-se pela: i) realização de dois percursos formativos, um com professores do conselho de turma e outro com os professores de Ciências Físicas e Naturais; ii) observação de reuniões de trabalho em contexto das estruturas supramencionadas; iii) planificação, implementação e avaliação de uma aula em regime de co-docência, abordando uma temática na perspectiva Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade e iv) realização de entrevistas a todos os professores participantes, aos Presidentes do Conselho Executivo e do Conselho Pedagógico e à Coordenadora do Departamento Curricular de Matemática e Ciências Experimentais. O sistema de análise de dados utilizado visou a compreensão das dinâmicas de trabalho docente desenvolvidas no processo de gestão curricular no contexto das estruturas de gestão intermédia em análise. Neste sentido, privilegiaram-se a análise estatística e de conteúdo como técnicas de tratamento dos dados. Os resultados deste estudo apontam para a prevalência de uma cultura docente fortemente individualizada, balcanizada e burocratizada, facto que restringe o desenvolvimento de práticas de gestão curricular e de dinâmicas de trabalho docente sustentadas e adequadas ao contexto e necessidades específicas dos alunos. Sugerem, igualmente, que o desenvolvimento de práticas de colaboração docente não é consequência directa da decisão espontânea e voluntarismo dos professores ou de uma imposição externa não assumida pelos mesmos, mas sim de uma convergência de factores de responsabilização, reconhecimento da utilidade e eficácia da colaboração, e incentivo organizacional que se revelaram pouco significativos no estudo em causa. Por outro lado, indiciam que uma efectiva colaboração docente implica transformações no plano das culturas, que não decorrem dos normativos, e é potenciada por processos de negociação, onde os diferentes actores educativos partilham responsabilidades e uma autonomia cimentada numa visão colectiva e integradora do projecto educativo e curricular da escola. No sentido de contribuir para a consolidação do conhecimento no domínio em estudo, consideramos necessária a realização de outras investigações centradas no mesmo objecto de estudo, mas desenvolvidas em outros contextos escolares.

Avaliação em contextos de blended learning no ensino superior

The increasing complexity of the Information Society and the Bologna Declaration in the European context has led Higher Education (HE) institutions to revise their curricula courses, as far as the adoption of new strategies for teaching and learning as well as evaluation are concerned. It can also be emphasized that there has been a growing use of eLearning and of blended learning (bLearning) in HE, since these modes of training seem to be a very convenient option for lifelong learning. In this context, quality is taken as an essential goal in the development of the European Space for Education and Training, where HE institutions compete among themselves, and where evaluation is determinant as a promoter of this quality. Considering the problems summarized above, the research developed, based on four published scientific papers, intended to answer a set of research questions related to evaluation of bLearning contexts in HE. The study used diverse techniques and instruments (questionnaires, document analysis, and observation mediated technologies) spanning two methodological approaches: i) study of descriptive and exploratory nature and ii) case studies of bLearning modules. In the first approach an evaluation model for bLearning courses was developed, where we collected and analyzed, at a national level, the opinions of teachers with bLearning experience about the model dimensions. The case studies presented are post graduation curricular units, where bLearning teaching, learning and evaluation strategies were explored and evaluated, namely peer assessment. The main contributions of the first approach are: the process of questioning around the evaluation of bLearning courses, namely the quality assurance criteria for bLearning, as well as the model developed, providing a framework of theoretical, methodological and empirical elements that can be adapted in similar contexts. From the case studies emerged: the developed evaluation guidelines and the data collection instruments, in order to disseminate evaluation “best practices” that may be useful for other units in similar contexts. Regarding the recommendations about the evaluation of teaching of bLearning courses we emphasize: the use of versatile evaluation objects; the evaluation throughout the process and not just at the end; and the involvement of multiple evaluators, including students (whose feedback is essential to monitor the quality of teaching and learning). From the case studies we highlight: the need for discussion of evaluation frameworks to explore, and consequent increase in the transparency of the evaluation process; the increased interaction between groups; and the peer assessment as a strategy to promote active and autonomous learning. In addition to the contributions and recommendations for practice and research in the area of evaluation in bLearning contexts in HE, listed above, it also emerged from this study useful guidelines regarding educational evaluation in bLearning contexts, in order to improve the quality of teaching, learning and evaluation in such contexts.

European life project: a global strategy for the responsible use of a coastal lagoon: a case study from Portugal

Rin de Aveiro is a coastal lagoon located at the Central Region of Portugal subjected to the influence of the tides, resulting in a set of characteristic biotopes favouring anthropic and natural processes. Once managed and controlled correctly, each of these biotopes will allow simultaneously the biodiversity and integration in the making of the wetland landscape. In 1998, one of the final conclusions of the "MARIA" Demonstration Programme for the Integrated Management of Ria de Aveiro was that the poor current state of the environment area resulted from a set of interrelated factors. The Programme selected four (4) pilot-projects towards the integrated management of the lagoon biotopes as possible scenarios for an intervention. This selection was based in criteria related to environmental priorities and the maintenance of traditional economic activities in the region. The idea of choosing projects that would involve the whole geographic space of the Ria, without forgetting the other important themes interrelated with the Management Structure, emerged as a relevant aspect for their definition. Thus, and as a first test of this Management Structure functionality, the following task forces were put forward: Recovery and valorisation of the piers; Recovery of the former salt pans; Management of the agricultural fields of Baixo-Vouga; Implementation of measures for the classification of the Protected Landscape Area of the River Caster Mouth. This payer will report the main results of these pilot-projects attained during their first year period, especially the intervention strategies defined by the Partnership created for this aim.

European student mobility and intercultural learning at a portuguese university

The purpose of this study is to understand, impact and evaluate the development of intercultural communicative competencies among European credit-seeking exchange students and other sojourners through purposeful intercultural pedagogy. This pedagogy encompasses intentional intercultural- educational approaches which aim to support and enhance sojourners’ intercultural learning throughout the study abroad cycle (pre-departure, in-country and reentry phases). To test and validate these pedagogies a 20-hour intervention was designed and implemented among two cohorts of 31 sojourners during the in-country phase of their sojourn in Portugal. The process to develop and validate the intercultural intervention was driven by a mixed-methods methodology which combined quantitative and qualitative data to triangulate, complement and expand research results from a pragmatic stance. The mixed methods research design adopted is multi-phased and encompasses a multi-case study and an evaluative component. The multi-case component is embodied by sojourner cohorts: (1) the primary case study involves 19 incoming students at the University of Aveiro (Portugal) as participants in the European exchange program Campus Europae; (2) the second case study comprises three incoming Erasmus students and nine highly skilled immigrants at the same university. All 31 sojourners attended two intermediate Portuguese as Foreign Language classrooms where the intervention was employed. Data collection was extensive and involved collecting, analyzing and mixing quantitative and qualitative strands across four research phases. These phases refer to the: (1) development, (2) implementation and (3) evaluation of the intervention, as well as to (4) a stakeholder analysis of the external value of the intervention and of the Campus Europae program. Data collection instruments included pre and posttest questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Results confirm the intercultural effectiveness of the intervention and the positive impact upon research participants’ intercultural gains. This impact was, however, greater in case study 2. Among explanatory variables, three stand out: (1) participant meaning-making abilities, (2) host language proficiency and related variables, and (3) type of sojourn or exchange programs. Implications for further research highlight the need to systematize purposeful intercultural pedagogy in sojourner populations in general, and in European credit student mobility in particular. In the latter case, these pedagogies should be part of the design and delivery of credit-bearing exchange programs in pre- departure, in-country and re-entry phases. Implications for practice point to the urge to improve intercultural practices in: macro (higher education institutions), mezzo (exchange programs) and micro (sojourner language classrooms) contexts where this research took place, and wider social scenarios they represent.

Virtual Mobility and Learning for PhD students of six European Countries: students’ programme evaluation

In this paper, the authors, as teachers of the Virtual Mobility and Learning ERASMUS Intensive Programme (VML–IP), put forward an analysis of the student’s final evaluation of the Programme as to the most important competences they have developed. In terms of methodology, this study has an exploratory and descriptive nature; hence, being based on empiric evidence. Thus, in the last face-to-face session, students were asked by the Programme’s coordination to present an overall evaluation of their experience in the VML–IP. Data were collected in loco, i.e. through the posters created by each group, as well as the video of the students’ oral presentations. They were later analysed using content analysis as data analysis technique. The results unveil that, although the main goal was fulfilled – i.e. to be able to design and implement a course on a ‘Virtual Mobility and Learning’ topic underpinned by solid theoretical background in the area –, the fact is that every group also pointed out several soft competences as a very important part of their experiences, and crucial for their development as students and future professionals.