Trajetórias do canto coral no Maranhão: FEMACO como referência histórica num processo de continuidades e rupturas

O FEMACO – Festival Maranhense de Coros – teve durante a sua existência (1977-2012) um forte impacto sociocultural em São Luís, capital do Maranhão e contribuiu decisivamente para a formação de diretores corais e educadores musicais nesta região. A presente investigação constitui um levantamento histórico dos 36 anos de existência deste festival e uma reflexão sobre a sua contribuição para a música coral no Estado do Maranhão. Para chegar a estes objetivos foi realizado um levantamento dos materiais impressos que constam do arquivo do próprio Festival, existente na Universidade Federal do Maranhão, nomeadamente dos cartazes e brochuras com os programas do festival, e dos registos existentes nos jornais locais sobre o mesmo. Foram realizadas entrevistas com os autores do projeto FEMACO e foi ainda feito um inquérito, através de um questionário, a professores e regentes que participaram no festival. Sendo este o primeiro registo histórico sobre o FEMACO, um dos festivais de corais mais antigos da região Nordeste do Brasil, pretende-se realizar uma reflexão sobre a sua influência na música coral no Maranhão e fornecer dados que, esperamos, poderão servir como fonte de consulta para futuras investigações.

Optimization of heterotrophic feeding of the soft coral Sarcophyton cf. glaucum

Heterotrophic feeding has an important role in the processes of growth and reproduction of mixotrophic corals. The soft coral Sarcophyton cf. glaucum is a good candidate for aquaculture due to its economic interest for the marine aquarium trade and for the bioprospection of marine natural products. The lack of information on heterotrophic feeding of this species with preserved microalgae conducted to development of this work. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the conservation processes of microalgae in its suitability as heterotrophic feeding for the mixotrophic coral S. cf. glaucum. Additionally, we aimed to identify the most suitable freeze-dried microalgae species and cell density to be employed in the culture of this mixotrophic coral species. Two experiments were performed: in the first experiment the microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata was supplied to coral fragments in three different preservation forms (live paste, frozen and freeze-dried) at the concentration of 106 cell mL-1; in the second experiment three different microalgae species (Nannochloropsis oculata, Isochrysis galbana and Phaeodactylum tricornutum) were tested in two different amounts: 7.33 mg L-1 (corresponding to the concentration of 106 cell mL-1 of Nannochloropsis oculata) and 3.66 mg L-1. Growth rate, survival, organic weight and photobiology of coral fragments, as well as water quality in culture tanks, were evaluated in both experiments. Preserved forms of microalgae did not demonstrated differences in growth rate, organic weight and survival rate of coral fragments, but affected water quality. Freeze-dried microalgae seems to be a good feed supply for coral aquaculture, as it has the best results and it has the higher shell-life time and the lower associated costs. Between the species evaluated in second experiment, Isochrysis galbana promoted higher specific growth rate and higher percentage of organic weight in the coral fragments; additionally the culture tanks supplied with this microalgae species also presented a better water quality in the end of the experiment.