Alternative techniques for Raman amplification in telecommunications

O presente trabalho centra-se no estudo dos amplificadores de Raman em fibra ótica e suas aplicações em sistemas modernos de comunicações óticas. Abordaram-se tópicos específicos como a simulação espacial do amplificador de Raman, a equalização e alargamento do ganho, o uso de abordagens híbridas de amplificação através da associação de amplificadores de Raman em fibra ótica com amplificadores de fibra dopada com Érbio (EDFA) e os efeitos transitórios no ganho dos amplificadores. As actividades realizadas basearam-se em modelos teóricos, sendo os resultados validados experimentalmente. De entre as contribuições mais importantes desta tese, destaca-se (i) o desenvolvimento de um simulador eficiente para amplificadores de Raman que suporta arquitecturas de bombeamento contraprogantes e bidirecionais num contexto com multiplexagem no comprimento de onda (WDM); (ii) a implementação de um algoritmo de alocação de sinais de bombeamento usando a combinação do algoritmo genético com o método de Nelder- Mead; (iii) a apreciação de soluções de amplificação híbridas por associação dos amplificadores de Raman com EDFA em cenários de redes óticas passivas, nomeadamente WDM/TDM-PON com extensão a região espectral C+L; e (iv) a avaliação e caracterização de fenómenos transitórios em amplificadores para tráfego em rajadas/pacotes óticos e consequente desenvolvimento de soluções de mitigação baseadas em técnicas de clamping ótico.

Multi-standard reconfigurable wireless transmitter architectures

The continuous demand for highly efficient wireless transmitter systems has triggered an increased interest in switching mode techniques to handle the required power amplification. The RF carrier amplitude-burst transmitter, i.e. a wireless transmitter chain where a phase-modulated carrier is modulated in amplitude in an on-off mode, according to some prescribed envelope-to-time conversion, such as pulse-width or sigma-delta modulation, constitutes a promising architecture capable of efficiently transmitting signals of highly demanding complex modulation schemes. However, the tested practical implementations present results that are way behind the theoretically advanced promises (perfect linearity and efficiency). My original contribution to knowledge presented in this thesis is the first thorough study and model of the power efficiency and linearity characteristics that can be actually achieved with this architecture. The analysis starts with a brief revision of the theoretical idealized behavior of these switched-mode amplifier systems, followed by the study of the many sources of impairments that appear when the real system is implemented. In particular, a special attention is paid to the dynamic load modulation caused by the often ignored interaction between the narrowband signal reconstruction filter and the usual single-ended switched-mode power amplifier, which, among many other performance impairments, forces a two transistor implementation. The performance of this architecture is clearly explained based on the presented theory, which is supported by simulations and corresponding measured results of a fully working implementation. The drawn conclusions allow the development of a set of design rules for future improvements, one of which is proposed and verified in this thesis. It suggests a significant modification to this traditional architecture, where now the phase modulated carrier is always on – and thus allowing a single transistor implementation – and the amplitude is impressed into the carrier phase according to a bi-phase code.