2 resultados para Ceramic oven
em Repositório Institucional da Universidade de Aveiro - Portugal
Resumo:
O presente trabalho realizou-se no âmbito do Projeto Galp 20-2020 implementado na empresa Sanindusa, em parceira com a Universidade de Aveiro. Como principal objetivo pretendia-se estudar o consumo de energia durante o processo de cozedura das peças cerâmicas com o intuito de avaliar a viabilidade da substituição do refratário existente na empresa. Uma vez que esta medida implicaria um tempo de retorno do investimento demasiado elevado, optou-se por estudar o consumo de energia associado a uma placa horizontal, de massa unitária, de qualquer tipo de material refratário. Para tal, foi desenvolvido um Modelo Teórico capaz de calcular o calor absorvido por uma placa de refratário ao longo de todo o percurso dentro do Forno Túnel 2, existente na empresa e utilizado no processo de produção das peças cerâmicas. Através deste estudo foi possível concluir que o Modelo Teórico é bastante útil na medida em que permite a criação de vários cenários, através da alteração de diversas variáveis, permitindo conhecer qual o impacto de cada uma no consumo de energia neste equipamento. Como trabalho futuro propõe-se o desenvolvimento do Modelo Teórico apresentado para o estudo da transferência de calor bidimensional. Esta melhoria permitiria analisar o consumo de energia associado a diferentes formas de material refratário utilizado no processo de cozedura de peças cerâmicas (o que não é possível quando se aplica o conceito de transferência de calor unidimensional).
Resumo:
The main objective of this dissertation is the development and processing of novel ionic conducting ceramic materials for use as electrolytes in proton or oxide-ion conducting solid oxide fuel cells. The research aims to develop new processing routes and/or materials offering superior electrochemical behavior, based on nanometric ceramic oxide powders prepared by mechanochemical processes. Protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) require electrolyte materials with high proton conductivity at intermediate temperatures, 500-700ºC, such as reported for perovskite zirconate oxides containing alkaline earth metal cations. In the current work, BaZrO3 containing 15 mol% of Y (BZY) was chosen as the base material for further study. Despite offering high bulk proton conductivity the widespread application of this material is limited by its poor sinterability and grain growth. Thus, minor additions of oxides of zinc, phosphorous and boron were studied as possible sintering additives. The introduction of ZnO can produce substantially enhanced densification, compared to the un-doped material, lowering the sintering temperature from 1600ºC to 1300ºC. Thus, the current work discusses the best solid solution mechanism to accommodate this sintering additive. Maximum proton conductivity was shown to be obtained in materials where the Zn additive is intentionally adopted into the base perovskite composition. P2O5 additions were shown to be less effective as a sintering additive. The presence of P2O5 was shown to impair grain growth, despite improving densification of BZY for intermediate concentrations in the range 4 – 8 mol%. Interreaction of BZY with P was also shown to have a highly detrimental effect on its electrical transport properties, decreasing both bulk and grain boundary conductivities. The densification behavior of H3BO3 added BaZrO3 (BZO) shows boron to be a very effective sintering aid. Nonetheless, in the yttrium containing analogue, BaZr0.85Y0.15O3- (BZY) the densification behavior with boron additives was shown to be less successful, yielding impaired levels of densification compared to the plain BZY. This phenomenon was shown to be related to the undesirable formation of barium borate compositions of high melting temperatures. In the last section of the work, the emerging oxide-ion conducting materials, (Ba,Sr)GeO3 doped with K, were studied. Work assessed if these materials could be formed by mechanochemical process and the role of the ionic radius of the alkaline earth metal cation on the crystallographic structure, compositional homogeneity and ionic transport. An abrupt jump in oxide-ion conductivity was shown on increasing operation temperature in both the Sr and Ba analogues.