Chalcogenide thin films for solar cells: growth and properties

Thin film solar cells have in recent years gained market quota against traditional silicon photovoltaic panels. These developments were in a large part due to CdTe solar panels on whose development started earlier than their competitors. Panels based on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS), despite being more efficient in a laboratory and industrial scale than the CdTe ones, still need a growth technology cheaper and easier to apply in industry. Although usually presented as a good candidate to make cheap panels, CIGS uses rare and expensive materials as In and Ga. The price evolution of these materials might jeopardize CIGS future. This thesis presents three different studies. The first is the study of different processes for the incorporation of Ga in a hybrid CIGS growth system. This system is based on sputtering and thermal evaporation. This technology is, in principle, easier to be applied in the industry and solar cells with efficiencies around to 7% were fully made in Aveiro. In the second part of this thesis, a new material to replace CIGS in thin film solar cells is studied. The growth conditions and fundamental properties of Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) were studied in depth. Suitable conditions of temperature and pressure for the growth of this material are reported. Its band gap energy was estimated at 1.05 eV and the Raman scattering peaks were identified. Solar cells made with this material showed efficiencies lower than 0.1%. Finally, preliminary work regarding the incorporation of selenium in Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films was carried out. The structural and morphological properties of thin films of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 have been studied and the results show that the incorporation of selenium is higher in films with precursors rather with already formed Cu2SnS3 or Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films. A solar cell with 0.9 % of efficiency was prepared.

Poeta, ou aquele que faz: a poética como inovação em design

Com o objectivo de cumprir com as normas legais em vigor na Universidade de Aveiro conducentes ao reconhecimento do grau de Doutor em Design por avaliação da obra realizada, o presente relatório descreve os objectivos e procedimentos metodológicos, demonstrando o argumento da inovação no conjunto compilado das 100 obras seleccionadas entre os projectos de design realizados no período dos últimos dez anos de actividade profissional do candidato. Para além do enunciado em conformidade com os pressupostos legais, e porque a obra desenvolvida decorre de um contínuo processo de reflexão sobre a própria prática, entende o candidato oportuna a apresentação de um conjunto de textos realizados no mesmo período e que conformarão assim, uma cosmologia teórica própria, sobre a história e teoria do design que contribuirá para o melhor esclarecimento em contexto, das intenções éticas e estéticas dessa obra. O conjunto de contributos de reflexão teórica, que aqui se encontram revelam uma continuidade (maculada pela experiência existencial), que atribui à prática um desempenho quase sempre contaminado pelo corpo de afectos do seu agente, que assim dá origem ao género criativo (poietico) autobiográfico, fundado na metodologia fenomenológica (revelando a ciência do design nos seus próprios procedimentos, “voltando às próprias coisas”). Ao reflectir sobre a prática de projecto enquanto definição disciplinar de Design, verificou-se urgente o esclarecimento ontológico da disciplina, assim procurando perscrutar a definição do que seja, para compreender melhor de que forma lhe pudesse servir os seus interesses bioculturais, numa perspectiva metaprojectual, social, política e estética. O Design, enquanto disciplina da con-formação (da atribuição de forma às coisas), é também o lugar da atribuição de sentido, elevando-as à condição de seres idealizados _ formas são ideias, ainda que imperfeitamente desenhadas (Platão). Neste pressuposto parece inevitável a aproximação da prática projectual do design ao exercício da filosofia, já que a filosofia serve, sobretudo, para inventar conceitos operativos, funcionalizando a mudança (Deleuze). No entanto, o que se encontra neste registo não é uma produção prática que ilustra a jusante uma intencionalidade teórica motivadora mas, bem pelo contrário, uma teorização que anda a zorro da prática da vida, procurando perceber o que parecia inconscientemente suspeitar, confirmando-o. O conjunto de temas teoricamente tratados, constituem aproximações naturalistas por tentativa e erro, que se repetem no tempo em torno de palavras chave como poética, criação, criatividade, tecnologia, artesanato, ontologia, disciplina, desenho, desejo-desenho-desígnio, engenharia-arte-gestão, design, projecto, humano, humanização, diferença, dispositivo, ética, estética, domínio, submissão, zen. Muitos destes temas foram apropriados recorrendo a um conjunto muito diverso e heterogéneo de autores. Aqui misturam-se os filósofos universalmente consagrados, com outros pensadores do Design (Adorno, Aristóteles, Badiou, Di Bártolo, Branco, Brusatin, Calvera, Deleuze, Descartes, Doberti, Espinosa, Flusser, Heidegger, Leiro, Maldonado, Munari, Platão, Pombo, Séneca, Simon, Zizek, e Zumthor), aos quais se associa uma terceira vaga de colegas menos conhecidos, estudantes e investigadores, respigados no grande acaso da web. Na sua assistemática forma de abordagem teórica (Flusser), a teoria não é aqui convocada como janela modernista, abrindo-se sem limites sobre a paisagem organizada, mas como múltiplas aberturas determinadas pela urgência da necessidade, conformando uma arquitectura orgânica e espontânea, do vernacular dirigido por pontos de vista pertinentes e dispersos, produzindo uma visão caleidoscópica, múltipla, cubista, mas sincronicamente orientada sobre o objecto que, tendo vida própria, não pára para posar.

Exergetic, energetic, economic and environmental evaluation of concentrated solar power plants in Libya

The PhD project addresses the potential of using concentrating solar power (CSP) plants as a viable alternative energy producing system in Libya. Exergetic, energetic, economic and environmental analyses are carried out for a particular type of CSP plants. The study, although it aims a particular type of CSP plant – 50 MW parabolic trough-CSP plant, it is sufficiently general to be applied to other configurations. The novelty of the study, in addition to modeling and analyzing the selected configuration, lies in the use of a state-of-the-art exergetic analysis combined with the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The modeling and simulation of the plant is carried out in chapter three and they are conducted into two parts, namely: power cycle and solar field. The computer model developed for the analysis of the plant is based on algebraic equations describing the power cycle and the solar field. The model was solved using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software; and is designed to define the properties at each state point of the plant and then, sequentially, to determine energy, efficiency and irreversibility for each component. The developed model has the potential of using in the preliminary design of CSPs and, in particular, for the configuration of the solar field based on existing commercial plants. Moreover, it has the ability of analyzing the energetic, economic and environmental feasibility of using CSPs in different regions of the world, which is illustrated for the Libyan region in this study. The overall feasibility scenario is completed through an hourly analysis on an annual basis in chapter Four. This analysis allows the comparison of different systems and, eventually, a particular selection, and it includes both the economic and energetic components using the “greenius” software. The analysis also examined the impact of project financing and incentives on the cost of energy. The main technological finding of this analysis is higher performance and lower levelized cost of electricity (LCE) for Libya as compared to Southern Europe (Spain). Therefore, Libya has the potential of becoming attractive for the establishment of CSPs in its territory and, in this way, to facilitate the target of several European initiatives that aim to import electricity generated by renewable sources from North African and Middle East countries. The analysis is presented a brief review of the current cost of energy and the potential of reducing the cost from parabolic trough- CSP plant. Exergetic and environmental life cycle assessment analyses are conducted for the selected plant in chapter Five; the objectives are 1) to assess the environmental impact and cost, in terms of exergy of the life cycle of the plant; 2) to find out the points of weakness in terms of irreversibility of the process; and 3) to verify whether solar power plants can reduce environmental impact and the cost of electricity generation by comparing them with fossil fuel plants, in particular, Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC) plant and oil thermal power plant. The analysis also targets a thermoeconomic analysis using the specific exergy costing (SPECO) method to evaluate the level of the cost caused by exergy destruction. The main technological findings are that the most important contribution impact lies with the solar field, which reports a value of 79%; and the materials with the vi highest impact are: steel (47%), molten salt (25%) and synthetic oil (21%). The “Human Health” damage category presents the highest impact (69%) followed by the “Resource” damage category (24%). In addition, the highest exergy demand is linked to the steel (47%); and there is a considerable exergetic demand related to the molten salt and synthetic oil with values of 25% and 19%, respectively. Finally, in the comparison with fossil fuel power plants (NGCC and Oil), the CSP plant presents the lowest environmental impact, while the worst environmental performance is reported to the oil power plant followed by NGCC plant. The solar field presents the largest value of cost rate, where the boiler is a component with the highest cost rate among the power cycle components. The thermal storage allows the CSP plants to overcome solar irradiation transients, to respond to electricity demand independent of weather conditions, and to extend electricity production beyond the availability of daylight. Numerical analysis of the thermal transient response of a thermocline storage tank is carried out for the charging phase. The system of equations describing the numerical model is solved by using time-implicit and space-backward finite differences and which encoded within the Matlab environment. The analysis presented the following findings: the predictions agree well with the experiments for the time evolution of the thermocline region, particularly for the regions away from the top-inlet. The deviations observed in the near-region of the inlet are most likely due to the high-level of turbulence in this region due to the localized level of mixing resulting; a simple analytical model to take into consideration this increased turbulence level was developed and it leads to some improvement of the predictions; this approach requires practically no additional computational effort and it relates the effective thermal diffusivity to the mean effective velocity of the fluid at each particular height of the system. Altogether the study indicates that the selected parabolic trough-CSP plant has the edge over alternative competing technologies for locations where DNI is high and where land usage is not an issue, such as the shoreline of Libya.

APP RERMS enriched matrix as an adhesion substrate for neuritic outgrowth

Specific domains can determine protein structural functional relationships. For the Alzheimer’s Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) several domains have been described, both in its intracellular and extracellular fragments. Many functions have been attributed to APP including an important role in cell adhesion and cell to cell recognition. This places APP at key biological responses, including synaptic transmission. To fulfil these functions, extracellular domains take on added significance. The APP extracellular domain RERMS is in fact a likely candidate to be involved in the aforementioned physiological processes. A multidisciplinary approach was employed to address the role of RERMS. The peptide RERMS was crosslinked to PEG (Polyethylene glycol) and the reaction validated by FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectrometry). FTIR proved to be the most efficient at validating this reaction because it requires only a drop of sample, and it gives information about the reactions occurred in a mixture. The data obtained consist in an infrared spectra of the sample, where peaks positions give information about the structure of the molecules, and the intensity of peaks is related to the concentration of the molecules. Subsequently substrates of PEG impregnated with RERMS were prepared and SH-SY5Y (human neuroblastoma cell line) cells were plated and differentiated on the latter. Several morphological alterations were clearly evident. The RERMS peptide provoked cells to take on a flatter appearance and the cytoskeletal architecture changed, with the appearance of stress fibres, a clear indicator of actin reorganization. Given that focal adhesions play a key role in determining cellular structure the latter were directly investigated. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is one of the most highly expressed proteins in the CNS (central nervous system) during development. It has been described to be crucial for radial migration of neurons. FAK can be localized in growth cones and mediated the response to attractive and repulsive cues during migration. One of the mechanisms by which FAK becomes active is by auto phosphorylation at tyrosine 397. It became clearly evident that in the presence of the RERMS peptide pFAK staining at focal adhesions intensified and more focal adhesions became apparent. Furthermore speckled structures in the nucleus, putatively corresponding to increased expression activity, also increased with RERMS. Taken together these results indicate that the RERMS domain in APP plays a critical role in determining cellular physiological responses. Here is suggested a model by which RERMS domain is recognized by integrins and mediate intracellular responses involving FAK, talin, actin filaments and vinculin. This mechanism probably is responsible for mediating cell adhesion and neurite outgrowth on neurons.