Obtaining and characterization of single crystals and ceramics of PZT

É conhecido que as propriedades electromecânicas do zirconato titanato de chumbo, PbZrxTi1-xO3 (PZT), alcançam um máximo na região morfotrópica. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido na tentativa de explicar as causas deste máximo e a sua dependência com a microestrutura. Para conhecer essas causas, que provocam o aparecimento de um máximo nas propriedades electromecânicas foi necessário estudar cerâmicos com composições próximas da zona morfotrópica. Os cerâmicos foram caracterizados do ponto de vista dieléctrico e estrutural e o máximo da constante dieléctrica na região morfotrópica foi confirmado, assim como a sua dependência do tamanho do grão. A posição do máximo de permitividade está relacionada com o ponto onde ocorre a transição de fase da estrutura romboédrica para tetragonal. Para conhecer as propriedades intrínsecas do PZT surgiu a necessidade de produzir monocristais destes compostos com dimensões e qualidade adequadas à medição das suas propriedades. No presente trabalho, fizeramse crescer monocristais de PZT com boa qualidade e dimensões relativamente elevadas, usando um método de solução a alta temperatura, com um fluxo de [PbO-KF-PbCl2]-B2O3, numa razão molar de 60/40 entre PZT e fluxo. Primeiro, optimizaram-se as condições de processamento, testando-se diferentes perfis de temperatura e percentagem de fluxo para promover o crescimento e melhorar a qualidade dos cristais de PZT. As condições identificadas como óptimas foram usadas para depois fazer crescer cristais de PZT. Os cristais obtidos evidenciaram uma morfologia cúbica com dimensões típicas de - 3 x 3 x 3 mm3.

Diopside-fluorapatite-wollastonite based bioactive glasses and glass-ceramics

Bioactive glasses and glass–ceramics are a class of biomaterials which elicit special response on their surface when in contact with biological fluids, leading to strong bonding to living tissue. This particular trait along with good sintering ability and high mechanical strength make them ideal materials for scaffold fabrication. The work presented in this thesis is directed towards understanding the composition-structure-property relationships in potentially bioactive glasses designed in CaOMgOP2O5SiO2F system, in some cases with added Na2O. The main emphasis has been on unearthing the influence of glass composition on molecular structure, sintering ability and bioactivity of phosphosilicate glasses. The parent glass compositions have been designed in the primary crystallization field of the pseudo-ternary system of diopside (CaO•MgO•2SiO2) – fluorapatite (9CaO•3P2O5•CaF2) – wollastonite (CaO•SiO2), followed by studying the impact of compositional variations on the structure-property relationships and sintering ability of these glasses. All the glasses investigated in this work have been synthesized via melt-quenching route and have been characterized for their molecular structure, sintering ability, chemical degradation and bioactivity using wide array of experimental tools and techniques. It has been shown that in all investigated glass compositions the silicate network was mainly dominated by Q2 units while phosphate in all the glasses was found to be coordinated in orthophosphate environment. The glass compositions designed in alkali-free region of diopside – fluorapatite system demonstrated excellent sintering ability and good bioactivity in order to qualify them as potential materials for scaffold fabrication while alkali-rich bioactive glasses not only hinder the densification during sintering but also induce cytotoxicity in vitro, thus, are not ideal candidates for in vitro tissue engineering. One of our bioglass compositions with low sodium content has been tested successfully both in vivo and in preliminary clinical trials. But this work needs to be continued and deepened. The dispersing of fine glass particles in aqueous media or in other suitable solvents, and the study of the most important factors that affect the rheology of the suspensions are essential steps to enable the manufacture of porous structures with tailor-made hierarchical pores by advanced processing techniques such as Robocasting.