Carcinoma da nasofaringe: aspectos epidemiológicos clínicos e moleculares

Após uma revisão de aspectos filogénicos, ontogénicos e embriológicos contribuindo para a estruturação anatómica e fisiológica da nasofaringe, é efectuada uma análise das características clínicas do carcinoma da nasofaringe numa população portuguesa, comparando-as com a literatura. É efectuada análise de taxa de incidência da doença, razão de géneros, frequência relativa dos diversos subtipos de acordo com a classificação OMS, acuidade relativa dos estadiamentos TMN e sobrevivência em função do tratamento. A relação entre carcinoma da nasofaringe e infecção pelo vírus de Epstein – Barr em Portugal é estudada através da análise de detecção de DNA de EBV em tecido tumoral da nasofaringe e sangue periférico de doentes com NPC e em indivíduos saudáveis. São também efectuados estudos caso-controlo no sentido de perspectivar a relevância de dois polimorfismos genéticos na susceptibilidade genética para a doença. Esta Dissertação pretende ainda contribuir para a compreensão dos mecanismos biológicos de CN e a sua relação com o EBV numa região não endémica de baixo risco, como é Portugal, realçando a relevância da definição de um perfil biológico preditivo para o desenvolvimento de CN na população portuguesa.

Fisheries co-management : ecological and social impacts. A case study of Northern Mozambique

Co-management, or participative management of fisheries, consists of returning or opening to the community the management of fisheries. This work, carried out in northern Mozambique, analyzed the ecological and social impacts of the implementation of co-management of fisheries. Firstly 198 species of fish were found and photographed and a guide to identification of species - essential to who works in the marine environment – was produced. Following, the spill-over effect was identified in a marine sanctuary. It occurred after 6 years and only for herbivore fishes and not to the carnivores. In order to evaluate co–management of fisheries effects, the captures of the entire province were analyzed. No differences were found in the diversity of the species caught, but an increase of the fish size was detected: this size was smaller in the fishing centers with no CCP (Community Fishing Councils), slightly bigger in the fishing centers with CCP and even bigger in the fishing centers with a more efficient management. At the same time it was observed that the size of the fish caught is bigger in the fishing centers further away from the markets. In addition to the ecological effects and the effects on fisheries, it was also analyzed the point of view of those who live the co-management. The socioeconomic factors that have a stronger influence in their perceptions are the age and the wealth. Finally and according to the CCP members, their main achievements are in the fisheries inspection and in the creation of conservation areas. Their main difficulties are the lack of means of transportation and the lack of recognition of the CCP's authority; both among the population and in the coordination with local authorities. This thesis pioneered in Mozambique in assessing the effects of Community sanctuaries and the effects of CCP on fisheries as well as by revealing the profile of the supporters of co-management and marine sanctuaries. Finally, an assessment of the matter of fact problems that the communities have to face when implementing co-management was also made.