Design de unidades funcionais: plataforma para o desenvolvimento novos produtos universidade-indústria

Este trabalho de investigação teve como principais objetivos, por um lado, procurar as relações existentes entre a Instituição Ensino Superior de Design (IES-D) e as empresas, por outro, configurar um modelo que permitisse criar uma plataforma de inovação para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos na IES-D num contexto globalizado. Nos últimos anos, o setor “ensino superior” na Europa e em várias partes do mundo passou por grandes mudanças, o que acentuou o ambiente competitivo entre as IES, incluindo as de Design. Neste âmbito, procurou-se demonstrar o novo posicionamento estratégico da IES-D perante o mercado, e quais as ações a desenvolver que possibilitam alcançar uma vantagem competitiva sustentável. Primeiro, considerou-se fundamental identificar a importância do design perante o ensino, a situação mundial e a mudança da cultura económica. Depois, assinalaram-se as iniciativas de promoção do design e as políticas de inovação europeias. E por fim, reuniram-se os aspetos que obrigam as IES-D a assumir novos papéis de interação com o mercado. Por análise comparativa internacional procedeu-se à seleção de uma amostra de dezoito (18) IES-D – dez europeias, quatro norte americanas e quatro asiáticas. Instituições de ensino com tipologias diversas e pertencentes a distintos contextos socioeconómicos. A caracterização da amostra através de análise estrutural permitiu identificar aspetos comuns às IES-D – ações estratégicas que servem para promover a inovação. Para explicitar a interação do sistema formado por esses elementos comuns, configurou-se um modelo concetual – Hexágono da Inovação (HI). O modelo, enquanto instrumento de análise, permite criar um padrão da inovação da IES-D e posicioná-la perante o setor - ensino superior de design. Foi também realizado um ensaio da aplicabilidade do modelo concetual HI na ESAD.cr/IPL. Através da implementação da plataforma de inovação - ESAD Design Studio - Centro de Estudos e Investigação em Design (EDS/CEID), foram ensaiadas as ações necessárias para promover o design estratégico e o design de inovação.

Assessing the effectiveness of chemical treatment with nanomaterials in improving the quality of different industrial effluents

Industrial activities are the major sources of pollution in all environments. Depending on the type of industry, various levels of organic and inorganic pollutants are being continuously discharged into the environment. Although, several kinds of physical, chemical, biological or the combination of methods have been proposed and applied to minimize the impact of industrial effluents, few have proved to be totally effective in terms of removal rates of several contaminants, toxicity reduction or amelioration of physical and chemical properties. Hence, it is imperative to develop new and innovative methodologies for industrial wastewater treatment. In this context nanotechnology arises announcing the offer of new possibilities for the treatment of wastewaters mainly based on the enhanced physical and chemical proprieties of nanomaterials (NMs), which can remarkably increase their adsorption and oxidation potential. Although applications of NMs may bring benefits, their widespread use will also contribute for their introduction into the environment and concerns have been raised about the intentional use of these materials. Further, the same properties that make NMs so appealing can also be responsible for producing ecotoxicological effects. In a first stage, with the objective of selecting NMs for the treatment of organic and inorganic effluents we first assessed the potential toxicity of nanoparticles of nickel oxide (NiO) with two different sizes (100 and 10-20 nm), titanium dioxide (TiO2, < 25 nm) and iron oxide (Fe2O3, ≈ 85x425 nm). The ecotoxicological assessment was performed with a battery of assays using aquatic organisms from different trophic levels. Since TiO2 and Fe2O3 were the NMs that presented lower risks to the aquatic systems, they were selected for the second stage of this work. Thus, the two NMs pre-selected were tested for the treatment of olive mill wastewater (OMW). They were used as catalyst in photodegradation systems (TiO2/UV, Fe2O3/UV, TiO2/H2O2/UV and Fe2O3/H2O2/UV). The treatments with TiO2 or Fe2O3 combined with H2O2 were the most efficient in ameliorating some chemical properties of the effluent. Regarding the toxicity to V. fischeri the highest reduction was recorded for the H2O2/UV system, without NMs. Afterwards a sequential treatment using photocatalytic oxidation with NMs and degradation with white-rot fungi was applied to OMW. This new approach increased the reduction of chemical oxygen demand, phenolic content and ecotoxicity to V. fischeri. However, no reduction in color and aromatic compounds was achieved after 21 days of biological treatment. The photodegradation systems were also applied to treat the kraft pulp mill and mining effluents. For the organic effluent the combination NMs and H2O2 had the best performances in reduction the chemical parameters as well in terms of toxicity reduction. However, for the mine effluent the best (TiO2/UV and Fe2O3/UV) were only able to significantly remove three metals (Zn, Al and Cd). Nonetheless the treatments were able of reducing the toxicity of the effluent. As a final stage, the toxicity of solid wastes formed during wastewater treatment with NMs was assessed with Chironomus riparius larvae, a representative species of the sediment compartment. Certain solid wastes showed the potential to negatively affect C. riparius survival and growth, depending on the type of effluent treated. This work also brings new insights to the use of NMs for the treatment of industrial wastewaters. Although some potential applications have been announced, many evaluations have to be performed before the upscaling of the chemical treatments with NMs.