Argilas aplicadas a estudos litoestratigráficos e paleoambientais na bacia sedimentar de Aveiro

A Bacia Sedimentar de Aveiro corresponde essencialmente à actual parte terminal da Bacia Hidrográfica do rio Vouga, nela se incluindo o sistema lagunar impropriamente designado por "Ria de Aveiro". O conhecimento que existe da geologia sub-superficial da referida Bacia tem beneficiado das informações proporcionadas por numerosas sondagens profundas efectuadas para pesquisa e produção de água subterrânea. O presente trabalho tem como objectivo principal ensaiar a utilização da mineralogia, sedimentologia, e geoquímica das fracções finas dos sedimentos, com ênfase na fracção argilosa, para o estabelecimento de uma mais precisa litoestratigrafia das formações sedimentares da Bacia Sedimentar de Aveiro e para a elaboração de análises paleoclimáticas, paleogeográficas e estruturais. Foram estudadas 95 sondagens profundas, dentre as quais se seleccionaram 27, que foram objecto de estudo mais detalhado, mineralógico e geoquímico. As técnicas analíticas utilizadas foram a Difracção de Raios X, a Microscopia Electrónica de Transmissão, a Espectrometria de Fluorescência de Raios X e a Fotometria de Chama. Obtiveram-se resultados de índole mineralógica e geoquímica, com os quais se elaboraram para cada sondagem "logs" mineralógicos e geoquímicos. Os resultados obtidos permitiram a caracterização das unidades litoestratigráficas presentes na região estudada, destacando-se os seguintes aspectos: I) predomínio de Caulinite nas unidades cretácicas (com excepção das Argilas de Aveiro) e nas unidades jurássicas (com excepção das Margas de Dagorda); 2) predomínio de llite nas unidades pós-cretácicas (com excepção do Quaternário), nas Argilas de Aveiro, nas Margas de Dagorda e no Grés de Eirol; 3) presença muito significativa (pontualmente predominante) de Esmectite nas unidades pós-cretácicas III, II e I, nas Argilas de Aveiro e no Grés de Verba; 4) presença (discreta) de Vermiculite e de Caulinite-Esmectite no Quaternário; 5) presença significativa de Clorite nas unidades infra-cretácicas Margas de Eiras, Margas de Dagorda e, sobretudo, Grés de Eirol, assim como, com carácter mais acessório, nas unidades Camadas de S. Miguel e Camadas de Coimbra e também em certos níveis das unidades pós-cretácicas; 6) presença (por vezes meramente vestigial) de Paligorsquite nas unidades pós-cretácicas II e I, e nas unidades infra-cretácicas, e de Sepiolite na unidade pós-cretácica I e nas unidades infra-cretácicas Camadas de S. Miguel e Margas de Dagorda.(...)

Interactions of cetaceans with Spanish and Portuguese fisheries in Atlantic waters : costs, benefits and implications for management

With the aim to provide new insights into operational cetacean-fishery interactions in Atlantic waters, this thesis assesses interactions of cetaceans with Spanish and Portuguese fishing vessels operating in Iberian and South West Atlantic waters. Different opportunistic research methodologies were applied, including an interview survey with fishers (mainly skippers) and onboard observations by fisheries observers and skippers, to describe different types of interactions and to identify potential hotspots for cetacean-fishery interactions and the cetacean species most involved, and to quantify the extent and the consequences of these interactions in terms of benefits and costs for cetaceans and fisheries. In addition, the suitability of different mitigation strategies was evaluated and discussed. The results of this work indicate that cetaceans interact frequently with Spanish and Portuguese fishing vessels, sometimes in a beneficial way (e.g. cetaceans indicate fish schools in purse seine fisheries), but mostly with negative consequences (depredation on catch, gear damage and cetacean bycatch). Significant economic loss and high bycatch rates are, however, only reported for certain fisheries and associated with particular cetacean species. In Galician fisheries, substantial economic loss was reported as a result of bottlenose dolphins damaging artisanal coastal gillnets, while high catch loss may arise from common dolphins scattering fish in purse seine fisheries. High cetacean bycatch mortality arises in trawl fisheries, mainly of common dolphin and particularly during trawling in water depths below 350 m, and in coastal set gillnet fisheries (mainly common and bottlenose dolphins). In large-scale bottom-set longline fisheries in South West Atlantic waters, sperm whales may significantly reduce catch rates through depredation on catch. The high diversity of cetacean-fishery interactions observed in the study area indicates that case-specific management strategies are needed to reduce negative impacts on fisheries and cetaceans. Acoustic deterrent devices (pingers) may be used to prevent small cetaceans from approaching and getting entangled in purse seines and set gillnets, although possible problems include cetacean habituation to the pinger sounds, as well as negative side effects on non-target cetaceans (habitat exclusion) and fisheries target species (reduced catch rates). For sardine and horse mackerel, target species of Iberian Atlantic fisheries, no aversive reaction to pinger sounds was detected during tank experiments conducted in the scope of this thesis. Bycatch in trawls may be reduced by the implementation of time/area restrictions of fishing activity. In addition, the avoidance of fishing areas with high cetacean abundance combined with the minimization of fishery-specific sound cues that possibly attract cetaceans, may also help to decrease interactions. In large-scale bottom-set longline fisheries, cetacean depredation on catch may be reduced by covering hooked fish with net sleeves ("umbrellas") provided that catch rates are not negatively affected by this gear modification. Trap fishing, as an alternative fishing method to bottom-set gillnetting and longlining, also has the potential to reduce cetacean bycatch and depredation, given that fish catch rates are similar to the rates obtained by bottom-set gillnets and longlines, whereas cetacean by-catch is unlikely. Economic incentives, such as the eco-certification of dolphin-safe fishing methods, should be promoted in order to create an additional source of income for fishers negatively affected by interactions with cetaceans, which, in turn, may also increase fishers’ willingness to accept and adopt mitigation measures. Although the opportunistic sampling methods applied in this work have certain restrictions concerning their reliability and precision, the results are consistent with previous studies in the same area. Moreover, they allow for the active participation of fishers that can provide important complementary ecological and technical knowledge required for cetacean management and conservation.