Turismo acessível : recurso de coping para gerir o stress na incapacidade

As sociedades contemporâneas testemunham os efeitos negativos do stress sobre a saúde, existindo evidências empíricas do relacionamento recíproco entre stress e doença (infeciosas, crónicas, cardiovasculares, cancro) (Iwasaki & Mannell, 2000). Por outro lado, Walden (2007) sublinha que o stress varia de acordo com as circunstâncias de vida e Rode et al. (2012) acrescentam que as pessoas com incapacidade apresentam taxas mais elevadas de problemas de saúde relacionados com o stress do que a população em geral. Neste contexto, surge o lazer como mecanismo de coping, como instrumento restaurador e benéfico para a saúde (Caldwell, 2005; Wijndaele et al., 2007). Assim, considerando o turismo como uma marcante atividade recreacional em tempo de lazer na vida das pessoas, e uma oportunidade de relaxamento e interação social (Richards, et al., 2010), pensou-se na possibilidade do turismo acessível ser um recurso de coping para gerir o stress na incapacidade. É com base na atualidade e pertinência destas reflexões que se estabeleceram duas metas para este trabalho: compreender o relacionamento entre turismo, stress e coping para os indivíduos com incapacidade, e desenvolver bases empíricas para fins terapêuticos e para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos turísticos, numa lógica biopsicossocial (biológica ou física, psicológica e social). Especificamente, pretende-se identificar fontes de stress para as pessoas com incapacidade e as suas respostas de coping, e explicar como o turismo atua nas dimensões biopsicossociais do stress-coping. Para atingir estes objetivos utilizou-se uma metodologia mista, suportada por uma revisão de literatura aprofundada, que consistiu na realização de um estudo qualitativo e outro quantitativo. No primeiro, recorreu-se à técnica de focus groups para cada tipo de incapacidade em análise, motora (N=6), auditiva (N=7) e visual (N=6), e no segundo, procedeu-se à aplicação de inquéritos por questionário a pessoas com incapacidade motora e sensorial (N=306), cujo questionário consistiu na adaptação e ajuste das ECL (Escalas de Coping através do Lazer) ao contexto do Turismo Acessível. Os resultados indicam que a principal fonte de stress dos indivíduos com incapacidade é a própria incapacidade em conjugação com a sociedade, demonstrando-se a prevalência de estratégias baseadas na interação social para a resolução de problemas, em detrimento de outras. Por sua vez, apuram-se os benefícios do turismo, cujas mais-valias no âmbito das dimensões biopsicossociais destes indivíduos em particular, são também discutidas. Conclui-se, portanto, que o turismo acessível é um novo formato de stress-coping para a população com incapacidade, suportando o reequilíbrio e harmonização dos seus recursos pessoais e sociais, contribuindo positivamente para a sua saúde e bem-estar global, servindo de base ao desenvolvimento de novos produtos turísticos adequados e direcionados para as necessidades específicas desta população e ao planeamento de intervenções terapêuticas alternativas no contexto da sua reabilitação.

Barrier properties of poly(lactic acid) based films

In recent years, the search for a environmentally friendly products has increased. One of the major challenges has been the demand for biodegradable materials that can replace plastic. If a few decades ago, plastic replaced, for example, the ivory in billiard balls, and in other products, saving the lives of thousands elephants, nowadays a replacement for that plastic is being searched, to prevent the change of the environmental conditions, essential to life in harmonly with the fauna and flora that the human specie has, in recent years, destroyed. Plastic is a petroleum derivate, whose price has been growing exponentially, mainly due to the fact of beind a cheap material and also to enable the production of products that are essential to modern life. Therefore, the petrochemical era is going to come to an end and a new environmentally sustainable era, based on biodegradable materials from renewable sources, will follow. The change to green routes only will be possible with the support of the major companies, and the implementation of drastic governmental law. Poly(lactic acid), PLA, is produced from the lactose present in the corn or sugarcane and has been intensively studied in recent years because if some limitants properties required its extrusion are overcome, it has the potential to replace the traditional polymers. PLA have high brittleness, low toughness and low tensile elongation. In this work, natural antioxidant (alpha-tocopherol) and synthetics antioxidants (BHT ant TBHQ) were added to the PLA with the aim not only to improve their flexibility, but also to create an active packaging to extend the shelf life of the foods and improve the organoleptic properties by preventing food losses. The impact of the addition of antioxidants into the PLA films, in its mechanical, thermal and barrier properties were studied by FTIR, DSC, SEM, AFM, DMA, TGA, QCM and time-lag techniques.

Codon ambiguities as a mechanism to alter the genetic code in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Although the genetic code is generally viewed as immutable, alterations to its standard form occur in the three domains of life. A remarkable alteration to the standard genetic code occurs in many fungi of the Saccharomycotina CTG clade where the Leucine CUG codon has been reassigned to Serine by a novel transfer RNA (Ser-tRNACAG). The host laboratory made a major breakthrough by reversing this atypical genetic code alteration in the human pathogen Candida albicans using a combination of tRNA engineering, gene recombination and forced evolution. These results raised the hypothesis that synthetic codon ambiguities combined with experimental evolution may release codons from their frozen state. In this thesis we tested this hypothesis using S. cerevisiae as a model system. We generated ambiguity at specific codons in a two-step approach, involving deletion of tRNA genes followed by expression of non-cognate tRNAs that are able to compensate the deleted tRNA. Driven by the notion that rare codons are more susceptible to reassignment than those that are frequently used, we used two deletion strains where there is no cognate tRNA to decode the rare CUC-Leu codon and AGG-Arg codon. We exploited the vulnerability of the latter by engineering mutant tRNAs that misincorporate Ser at these sites. These recombinant strains were evolved over time using experimental evolution. Although there was a strong negative impact on the growth rate of strains expressing mutant tRNAs at high level, such expression at low level had little effect on cell fitness. We found that not only codon ambiguity, but also destabilization of the endogenous tRNA pool has a strong negative impact in growth rate. After evolution, strains expressing the mutant tRNA at high level recovered significantly in several growth parameters, showing that these strains adapt and exhibit higher tolerance to codon ambiguity. A fluorescent reporter system allowing the monitoring of Ser misincorporation showed that serine was indeed incorporated and possibly codon reassignment was achieved. Beside the overall negative consequences of codon ambiguity, we demonstrated that codons that tolerate the loss of their cognate tRNA can also tolerate high Ser misincorporation. This raises the hypothesis that these codons can be reassigned to standard and eventually to new amino acids for the production of proteins with novel properties, contributing to the field of synthetic biology and biotechnology.

Functional analysis of String/CDC25 phosphatase in post-mitotic neurons

Cell cycle and differentiation are two highly coordinated processes during organ development. Recent studies have demonstrated that core cell cycle regulators also play cell cycle-independent functions in post-mitotic neurons, and are essential for the maintenance of neuronal homeostasis. CDC25 phosphatases are well-established CDK activators and their activity is mainly associated to proliferating tissues. The expression and activity of mammalian CDC25s has been reported in adult brains. However, their physiological relevance and the potential substrates in a non-proliferative context have never been addressed. string (stg) encodes the Drosophila CDC25 homolog. Previous studies from our group showed that stg is expressed in photoreceptors (PRs) and in lamina neurons, which are two differentiated cell types that compose the fly visual system. The aims of this work are to uncover the function of stg and to identify its potential neuronal substrates, using the Drosophila visual system as a model. To gain insight into the function of stg in a non-dividing context we used the GAL4/UAS system to promote downregulation of stg in PR-neurons, through the use of an RNAi transgene. The defects caused by stg loss-of-function were evaluated in the developing eye imaginal disc by immunofluorescence, and during adult stages by scanning electron microscopy. This genetic approach was combined with a specific proteomic method, two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), to identify the potential substrates in PR-cells. Our results showed that stg downregulation in PRs affects the well-patterned retina organization, inducing the loss of apical maintenance of PR-nuclei on the eye disc, and ommatidia disorganization. We also detected an abnormal accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins and a disruption of the axon structure. As a consequence, the projection of PR-axons into the lamina and medulla neuropils of the optic lobe was impaired. Upon stg downregulation, we also detected that PR-cells accumulate Cyclin B. Although the rough eye phenotype observed upon stg downregulation suggests neurodegeneration, we did not detect neuronal death during larval stages, suggesting that it likely occurs during pupal stages or during adulthood. By 2D-DIGE, we identified seven proteins which were differentially expressed upon stg downregulation, and are potential neuronal substrates of Stg. Altogether, our observations suggest that Stg phosphatase plays an essential role in the Drosophila visual system neurons, regulating several cell components and processes in order to ensure their homeostasis.

Impact of exercise training on cancer-induced cardiac dysfunction

Cachexia is a complex syndrome characterized by severe weight loss frequently observed in cancer patients and associated with poor prognosis. Cancer cachexia is also related to modifications in cardiac muscle structure and metabolism leading to cardiac dysfunction. In order to better understand the cardiac remodeling induced by bladder cancer and the impact of exercise training after diagnosis on its regulation, we used an animal model of bladder cancer induced by exposition to N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN) in the drinking water. Healthy animals and previously BBN exposed animals were submitted to a training program in a treadmill at a speed of 20m/min, 60 min/day, 5 days/week during 13 weeks. At the end of the protocol, animals exposed to BBN presented a significant decrease of body weight, in comparison with control groups, supporting the presence of cancer cachexia. Morphological analysis of the cardiac muscle sections revealed the presence of fibrosis and a significant decrease of cardiomyocyte’s cross-sectional area, suggesting the occurrence of cardiac dysfunction associated with bladder cancer. These modifications were accompanied by heart metabolic remodeling characterized by a decreased fatty acid oxidation given by diminished levels of ETFDH and of complex II subunit  from the respiratory chain. Exercise training promoted an increment of connexin 43, a protein involved in cardioprotection, and of c-kit, a protein present in cardiac stem cells. These results suggest an improved heart regenerative capacity induced by exercise training. In conclusion, endurance training seems an attractive non-pharmacological therapeutic option for the management of cardiac dysfunction in cancer cachexia.

Padrões territoriais das dificuldades manifestadas pela população com 65 ou mais anos

Objetivos: Numa sociedade caracterizada pelo envelhecimento populacional é de suma importância a identificação de padrões territoriais que permitam o desenho de políticas de bem-estar mais adequadas para cada território. Para tal, é necessário analisar a heterogeneidade da perceção das dificuldades nas diversas regiões. Este estudo pretende analisar as dificuldades das pessoas com 65 ou mais anos com vista a encontrar algumas diferenças territoriais com base no grupo etário, no tipo e grau de dificuldade, nos rendimentos e nas habilitações. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo exploratório que analisa as dificuldades percecionadas pelas pessoas com 65 ou mais anos, tendo por base os dados disponibilizados pelo INE sobre o recenseamento populacional de 2011. Recorre-se à análise multivariada (análise fatorial de componentes principais e análise de clusters) e à análise bivariada de forma a obter os resultados da investigação. Resultados: Os principais resultados apontam para: i) existência de diferenças quanto à distribuição no território da perceção das dificuldades; ii) a perceção das dificuldades, da incapacidade e da dimensão das dificuldades por parte do grupo etário dos 65 ou mais anos segue um padrão territorial distinto da população em geral; iii) a perceção das dificuldades e a perceção da incapacidade no grupo etário dos 65 ou mais anos apresentam uma mancha no território diferente do padrão do envelhecimento; iv) a incapacidade auditiva e a incapacidade visual embora com um padrão territorial diferente, agregam no mesmo fator a população geral e o grupo etário dos 65 ou mais anos; v) do ponto de vista territorial é possível distinguir cinco clusters quanto à perceção das dificuldades da população portuguesa; vi) os rendimentos e as habilitações contribuem para a diferenciação dos clusters identificados. Discussão: Os resultados apresentados apoiam a necessidade de reflexão e de pesquisa no âmbito do mapeamento das dificuldades, na medida em que são um importante mecanismo de conhecimento da realidade intra-regional, permitindo a tomada de decisão.