Mercaptans extraction from jet-fuel streams using ionic liquids

Desulfurization is one of the most important processes in the refining industry. Due to a growing concern about the risks to human health and environment, associated with the emissions of sulfur compounds, legislation has become more stringent, requiring a drastic reduction in the sulfur content of fuel to levels close to zero (< 10 ppm S). However, conventional desulfurization processes are inefficient and have high operating costs. This scenario stimulates the improvement of existing processes and the development of new and more efficient technologies. Aiming at overcoming these shortcomings, this work investigates an alternative desulfurization process using ionic liquids for the removal of mercaptans from "jet fuel" streams. The screening and selection of the most suitable ionic liquid were performed based on experimental and COSMO-RS predicted liquid-liquid equilibrium data. A model feed of 1-hexanethiol and n-dodecane was selected to represent a jet-fuel stream. High selectivities were determined, as a result of the low mutual solubility between the ionic liquid and the hydrocarbon matrix, proving the potential use of the ionic liquid, which prevents the loss of fuel for the solvent. The distribution ratios of mercaptans towards the ionic liquids were not as favorable, making the traditional liquid-liquid extraction processes not suitable for the removal of aliphatic S-compounds due to the high volume of extractant required. This work explores alternative methods and proposes the use of ionic liquids in a separation process assisted by membranes. In the process proposed the ionic liquid is used as extracting solvent of the sulfur species, in a hollow fiber membrane contactor, without co-extracting the other jet-fuel compound. In a second contactor, the ionic liquid is regenerated applying a sweep gas stripping, which allows for its reuse in a closed loop between the two membrane contactors. This integrated extraction/regeneration process of desulfurization produced a jet-fuel model with sulfur content lower than 2 ppm of S, as envisaged by legislation for the use of ultra-low sulfur jet-fuel. This result confirms the high potential for development of ultra-deep desulfurization application.

Derivation of soil screening values for metals in Portuguese natural soil

The increasing human activity has been responsible by profound changes and a constinuos degradation of the soil compartment in all the European territory. Some European policies are appearing focusing soil’s protection and the management of contaminated sites, in order to recover land for other uses. To regulate the risk assessment and the management of contaminated soils, many European member states adopted soil guideline values, as for example soil screnning values (SSV).These values are particularly useful for the the first tier of the Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) processes of contaminated sites,especially for a first screening of sites requiring a more site-specific evaluation. Hence, the approriate definition of regional SSVs will have relevant economic impacts in the management of contaminated sites. Portugal is one of European Member States that still lack these soil guideline values. In this context, this study gaves a remarkable contribution in the generation of ecotoxicological data for soil microbiological parameters, terrestrial plants and invertebrates for the derivation of SSVs for uranium (U), cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu), using a Portuguese natural soil, representative of a dominant type of soil in the Portuguese territory. SSVs were derived based on two methods proposed by the the Technical Guidance Document for Risk Assessment of the European Commission; namely the assessment factor method (AF) and the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method (with some adaptations). The outputs of both methods were compared and discussed. Further, this study laid the foundation for a deeper reflection about the cut-off (hazard concentration for a given percentage of species - HCps) to be estimated from the SSDs, and to be selected for the derivation of SSVs, with the adequate level of protection. It was proven that this selection may vary for different contaminants, however a clear justification should be given, in each case. The SSvs proposed in this study were for: U (151.4 mg U kg-1dw), Cd (5.6 mg Cd kg-1dw), and Cu (58.5 mg Cu kg-1dw) These values should now be tested for their descriminating power of soils with different levels of contamination. However, this studies clarifies the approach that should be followed for the derivation of SSVs for other metals and organic contaminants, and for other dominant types of Portuguese natural soils.

Materiais à base de óxidos com estrutura do tipo perovskite e compósitos como ânodos de PCES

This work was focused on the analysis of transport, thermomechanical and electrochemical properties of a series of perovskite-like oxide materials and composites for potential applications as anodes of intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with lanthanum gallate and silicate solid electrolytes. The primary attention was centered on A(Mn,Nb)O3-δ (A = Sr, Ca) and (La,Sr)(Mn,Ti)O3-based systems, lanthanum chromite substituted with acceptor-type and variable-valence cations, and various Ni-containing cermets. Emphasis was given to phase stability of the materials, their crystal structure, microstructure of porous electrode layers and dense ceramics, electronic conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, oxygen permeability, thermal and chemical induced expansion, and anodic overpotentials of the electrodes deposited onto (La,Sr)(Ga,Mg)O3- and La10(Si,Al)6O27- based electrolyte membranes. In selected cases, roles of oxygen diffusivity, states of the transition metal cations relevant for the electronic transport, catalytically active additives and doped ceria protective interlayers introduced in the model electrochemical cells were assessed. The correlations between transport properties of the electrode materials and electrochemical behavior of porous electrodes showed that the principal factors governing anode performance include, in particular, electronic conduction of the anode compositions and cation interdiffusion between the electrodes and solid electrolytes. The latter is critically important for the silicatebased electrolyte membranes, leading to substantially worse anode properties compared to the electrochemical cells with lanthanum gallate solid electrolyte. The results made it possible to select several anode compositions exhibiting lower area-specific electrode resistivity compared to known analogues, such as (La,Sr)(Cr,Mn)O3-δ.

Seamless integration of heterogeneous networks in multicast environments

Nowadays, communication environments are already characterized by a myriad of competing and complementary technologies that aim to provide an ubiquitous connectivity service. Next Generation Networks need to hide this heterogeneity by providing a new abstraction level, while simultaneously be aware of the underlying technologies to deliver richer service experiences to the end-user. Moreover, the increasing interest for group-based multimedia services followed by their ever growing resource demands and network dynamics, has been boosting the research towards more scalable and exible network control approaches. The work developed in this Thesis enables such abstraction and exploits the prevailing heterogeneity in favor of a context-aware network management and adaptation. In this scope, we introduce a novel hierarchical control framework with self-management capabilities that enables the concept of Abstract Multiparty Trees (AMTs) to ease the control of multiparty content distribution throughout heterogeneous networks. A thorough evaluation of the proposed multiparty transport control framework was performed in the scope of this Thesis, assessing its bene ts in terms of network selection, delivery tree recon guration and resource savings. Moreover, we developed an analytical study to highlight the scalability of the AMT concept as well as its exibility in large scale networks and group sizes. To prove the feasibility and easy deployment characteristic of the proposed control framework, we implemented a proof-of-concept demonstrator that comprehends the main control procedures conceptually introduced. Its outcomes highlight a good performance of the multiparty content distribution tree control, including its local and global recon guration. In order to endow the AMT concept with the ability to guarantee the best service experience by the end-user, we integrate in the control framework two additional QoE enhancement approaches. The rst employs the concept of Network Coding to improve the robustness of the multiparty content delivery, aiming at mitigating the impact of possible packet losses in the end-user service perception. The second approach relies on a machine learning scheme to autonomously determine at each node the expected QoE towards a certain destination. This knowledge is then used by di erent QoE-aware network management schemes that, jointly, maximize the overall users' QoE. The performance and scalability of the control procedures developed, aided by the context and QoE-aware mechanisms, show the advantages of the AMT concept and the proposed hierarchical control strategy for the multiparty content distribution with enhanced service experience. Moreover we also prove the feasibility of the solution in a practical environment, and provide future research directions that bene t the evolved control framework and make it commercially feasible.

Os mais velhos nas organizações : um desafio para a gestão

Numa era em que a força de trabalho está a envelhecer, fruto do envelhecimento da população mundial, as organizações enfrentam desafios consideráveis no que toca à gestão, motivação e retenção dos trabalhadores mais velhos. As atitudes dos gestores perante os trabalhadores mais velhos configuram restrições consideráveis à superação desses desafios. Neste sentido, foram realizados três estudos visando desenvolver e validar um instrumento de medida das atitudes dos gestores perante os trabalhadores mais velhos. No primeiro estudo, exploraram-se (a) as atitudes dos gestores perante os trabalhadores mais velhos, e (b) as perceções dos aposentados sobre suas últimas experiências antes da aposentação. No segundo estudo, foram desenvolvidos 51 itens, que emergiram tanto do primeiro estudo, como da literatura. O questionário resultante foi então aplicado a uma amostra de 224 gestores portugueses, que foram também convidados a tomar decisões em três cenários envolvendo trabalhadores mais jovens e mais velhos. O terceiro estudo é uma réplica do segundo, numa amostra de 249 gestores brasileiros. As principais conclusões são: (a) cinco tipos de atitudes dos gestores perante os trabalhadores mais velhos foram identificados; (b) essas atitudes predizem as decisões dos gestores no que se refere à seleção de um trabalhador mais jovem versus mais velho, em processos de contratação e na seleção de colaboradores para participar em programas de formação; (c) os padrões empíricos identificados nas amostras de portugueses e brasileiros são semelhantes; (d) apesar dos gestores reconhecerem qualidades positivas significativas nos trabalhadores mais velhos, tendem a discriminá-los; (e) os gestores desenvolvem diferentes perfis atitudinais em relação aos trabalhadores mais velhos, os quais têm consequências nas decisões que tomam sobre esses trabalhadores. Um quarto estudo foi levado a cabo, com o objetivo de tentar compreender se a estrutura penta-dimensional do instrumento de medida das atitudes dos gestores perante os trabalhadores mais velhos pode ser replicado numa amostra de estudantes, e se essas mesmas atitudes ajudam a explicar as decisões dos estudantes em cenários similares aos dos apresentados aos gestores. Os resultados principais foram os seguintes: (a) apesar dos estudantes reconhecerem qualidades nos trabalhadores mais velhos, levam a cabo práticas discriminatórias relativamente a esses trabalhadores; (b) um número significativo de estudantes prefere um trabalhador mais jovem, mesmo quando o mais velho é descrito de forma mais positiva. Um quinto estudo foi efetuado, visando testar em que medida as atitudes dos gestores perante os trabalhadores mais velhos explicam a segurança psicológica das equipas. O estudo envolveu 52 equipas. Os respetivos líderes descreveram as suas atitudes perante os mais velhos, e 266 membros dessas equipas descreveram a segurança psicológica da equipa. Os resultados sugerem que os líderes com atitudes mais positivas perante os trabalhadores mais velhos tendem a desenvolver equipas psicologicamente mais seguras. Todavia, estudos futuros são necessários para testar mecanismos mediadores e moderadores que tornem essa relação mais clara.

Isometrias: uma abordagem interdisciplinar no 8º ano de escolaridade

A sociedade atual requer indivíduos preparados para apresentar soluções inovadoras aos problemas encontrados nas mais variadas situações, sendo a criatividade considerada, na última década, uma competência essencial para o progresso. Neste contexto, emerge a necessidade da escola fomentar o seu desenvolvimento em qualquer área, e em particular, na Matemática. Por outro lado, não será alheio a este facto a promoção de um ensino, também ele, criativo. Tal ensino exige desde logo uma original, fluente e flexível gestão curricular envolvendo uma adequada seleção e ou (re) criação de tarefas relevantes, criteriosamente sequenciadas e autonomamente resolvidas pelos alunos, numa lógica de interdisciplinaridade e com recurso a tecnologia. No caso especifico das transformações geométricas isométricas, uma abordagem interdisciplinar reforçada com o recurso a ambientes de geometria dinâmica poderá constituir uma mais-valia nesse processo. Assim, desenvolveu-se este estudo, com o objetivo de avaliar o impacto de uma abordagem interdisciplinar, potenciada com o GeoGebra, no desenvolvimento de competências geométricas relacionadas com as isometrias, frisos e rosáceas, e em simultâneo, no desenvolvimento da criatividade e representações da mesma, de alunos do oitavo ano de escolaridade. Para isso desenvolveu-se um estudo de caso, centrado em três pares de alunos, que resolveram um conjunto de tarefas de natureza exploratória, com recurso ao GeoGebra e envolvendo a disciplina de Educação Visual. A análise dos dados recolhidos foi, essencialmente, de natureza qualitativa, tendo sido a observação, a inquirição e a análise documental,as principais técnicas de recolha de dados. A análise de conteúdo a que foram submetidos os dados, permitiu concluir que a implementação de uma abordagem interdisciplinar, centrada numa sequência de tarefas e aliada ao GeoGebra, potenciou a apropriação dos conhecimentos geométricos em causa e a sua aplicação. Contribuiu, também, para o desenvolvimento de atitudes favoráveis em relação à matemática e à geometria em particular. Por outro lado, os dados sugerem que tal abordagem permite obter indícios do desenvolvimento da criatividade nos alunos e de alterações a algumas das suas representações.

Development of a sustainable method for the extraction of lycopene and β-carotene from food wastes

The main objective of the present work is the study of a profitable process not only in the extraction and selective separation of lycopene and β-carotene, two compounds present in tomato, but also in its potential application to food industry wastes. This is one of the industries that produce larger amounts of wastes, which are rich in high value biomolecules with great economic interest. However, the conventional methods used to extract this kind of compounds are expensive which limits their application at large scale. Lycopene and βcarotene are carotenoids with high commercial value, known for their antioxidant activity and benefits to human health. Their biggest source is tomato, one of the world’s most consumed fruits, reason for which large quantities of waste is produced. This work focuses on the study of diverse solvents with a high potential to extract carotenoids from tomato, as well as the search for more environmentally benign solvents than those currently used to extract lycopene and β-carotene from biomass. Additionally, special attention was paid to the creation of a continuous process that would allow the fractionation of the compounds for further purification. Thus, the present work started with the extraction of both carotenoids using a wide range of solvents, namely, organic solvents, conventional salts, ionic liquids, polymers and surfactants. In this stage, each solvent was evaluated in what regards their capacity of extraction as well as their penetration ability in biomass. The results collected showed that an adequate selection of the solvents may lead to the complete extraction of both carotenoids in one single step, particularly acetone and tetrahydrofuran were the most effective ones. However, the general low penetration capacity of salts, ionic liquids, polymers and surfactants makes these solvents ineffective in the solid-liquid extraction process. As the organic solvents showed the highest capacity to extract lycopene and βcarotene, in particular tetrahydrofuran and acetone, the latter solvent used in the development process of fractionation, using to this by strategic use of solvents. This step was only successfully developed through the manipulation of the solubility of each compound in ethanol and n-hexane. The results confirmed the possibility of fractionating the target compounds using the correct addition order of the solvents. Approximately, 39 % of the β-carotene was dissolved in ethanol and about 64 % of lycopene was dissolved in n-hexane, thus indicating their separation for two different solvents which shows the selective character of the developed process without any prior stage optimization. This study revealed that the use of organic solvents leads to selective extraction of lycopene and β-carotene, allowing diminishing the numerous stages involved in conventional methods. At the end, it was possible to idealize a sustainable and of high industrial relevance integrated process, nevertheless existing the need for additional optimization studies in the future.