Comunidades de prática online e a construção de competências para o ensino ativo

O presente estudo foi realizado no âmbito da formação continuada de professores através das interações numa Comunidade de Prática online (CoP online). Nas CoPs ocorrem a partiha de dúvidas e problemas comuns ao trabalho dos docentes. Quando as interações são mediadas por computadores, sejam estas síncronas ou assíncronas, ultrapassam as barreiras de espaço e tempo, se adequando ao cotidiano dos professores, invariavelmente tomado por múltiplas atividades. Nesta investigação delineamos os seguintes objetivos: i) Construir uma CoP online ancorada no software social Facebook, como espaço virtual de interação entre os participantes; ii) Comprender as interações através duma CoP online como etapa na construção de competências; iii) Criar e desenvolver um programa de formações presenciais e online com vistas à desenvover as competências de Questionamento e Argumentação; e, iv) Avaliar os impactos da formação através da CoP online no desenvolvimento das competências do Questionamento e da Argumentação enquanto estratégia de promoção do ensino ativo. Como estratégia, optamos em promover as interações através do Facebook por não ocasionar custos aos participantes e por atender ao modelo de presença virtual já existente. Participaram das interações professores em exercício da Autarquia do Ensino Superior de Garanhuns (AESGA), situada no interior de Pernambuco, Brasil. As interações decorreram no período de Abril de 2012 até Março de 2013, numa comunidade fechada, de livre adesão através de convite. Para solidificar a aprendizagem através da CoP online promovemos dois ciclos de formação, um presencial e um online. Em ambas as intervenções visamos o desenvolvimento das competências do Questionamento e da Argumentação por entendermos que estas são competências instrumentais para o desenvolvimento do Pensamento Crítico e da reflexão essenciais ao docente na revisão constante de suas práticas. Nas sessões online, realizadas com o apoio do Skype e concretizadas no software ArguQuest para dinamizar atividades práticas no desenvolvimento das competências do Questionamento e da Argumentação do professor, oportunizando a este a construção coletiva de estratégias alternativas de ensino e de aprendizagem, fundamentadas no ensino ativo. O estudo foi realizado através dum estudo de caso único, alicerçado no paradigma naturalista e de abordagem qualitativa. Os dados de cariz numérico fundamentaram as análises qualitativas, promovendo também a triangulação dos dados. As interações entre os professores foram analisadas através do modelo IAM (Interaction Analysis Model) proposto por Gunawardena, Lowe e Anderson (1997), que tem como objetivo determinar se o conhecimento foi cosntruído através das interações e qual o grau de mudança do entendimento decorrente das interações. Para verificar esta construção do conhecimento analisamos os excertos de episódios interativos com apoio do software de análise qualitativa WebQDA (Neri de Souza, Costa & Neri de Souza, 2012). A análise das situações de aprendizagem planejadas e desenvolvidas demonstraram que as TIC, nomeadamente os softwares sociais, podem ser aplicados com eficiência no desenvolvimento de competências dos professores em exercício, apresentando-se como alternativa para a promoção da formação continuada de docentes. Em relação ao desenvolvimento das competências do Questionamento e da Argumentação, percebemos que os docentes foram sensibilizados para trabalhar com uma metodologia interativa, promovendo um ambiente favorável à aprendizagem ativa. Através da aplicação adaptada do modelo de construção de conhecimento preconizado no ArguQuest, foi possível acompanhar a prática do docente junto aos seus alunos, ampliando o seu repertório didático, e, sobretudo, implantando uma forma de aprender fundamentada na construção compartilhada de Questionamentos e Argumentos.

Dependable wireless real-time communications for open environments

Wireless communication technologies have become widely adopted, appearing in heterogeneous applications ranging from tracking victims, responders and equipments in disaster scenarios to machine health monitoring in networked manufacturing systems. Very often, applications demand a strictly bounded timing response, which, in distributed systems, is generally highly dependent on the performance of the underlying communication technology. These systems are said to have real-time timeliness requirements since data communication must be conducted within predefined temporal bounds, whose unfulfillment may compromise the correct behavior of the system and cause economic losses or endanger human lives. The potential adoption of wireless technologies for an increasingly broad range of application scenarios has made the operational requirements more complex and heterogeneous than before for wired technologies. On par with this trend, there is an increasing demand for the provision of cost-effective distributed systems with improved deployment, maintenance and adaptation features. These systems tend to require operational flexibility, which can only be ensured if the underlying communication technology provides both time and event triggered data transmission services while supporting on-line, on-the-fly parameter modification. Generally, wireless enabled applications have deployment requirements that can only be addressed through the use of batteries and/or energy harvesting mechanisms for power supply. These applications usually have stringent autonomy requirements and demand a small form factor, which hinders the use of large batteries. As the communication support may represent a significant part of the energy requirements of a station, the use of power-hungry technologies is not adequate. Hence, in such applications, low-range technologies have been widely adopted. In fact, although low range technologies provide smaller data rates, they spend just a fraction of the energy of their higher-power counterparts. The timeliness requirements of data communications, in general, can be met by ensuring the availability of the medium for any station initiating a transmission. In controlled (close) environments this can be guaranteed, as there is a strict regulation of which stations are installed in the area and for which purpose. Nevertheless, in open environments, this is hard to control because no a priori abstract knowledge is available of which stations and technologies may contend for the medium at any given instant. Hence, the support of wireless real-time communications in unmanaged scenarios is a highly challenging task. Wireless low-power technologies have been the focus of a large research effort, for example, in the Wireless Sensor Network domain. Although bringing extended autonomy to battery powered stations, such technologies are known to be negatively influenced by similar technologies contending for the medium and, especially, by technologies using higher power transmissions over the same frequency bands. A frequency band that is becoming increasingly crowded with competing technologies is the 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical band, encompassing, for example, Bluetooth and ZigBee, two lowpower communication standards which are the base of several real-time protocols. Although these technologies employ mechanisms to improve their coexistence, they are still vulnerable to transmissions from uncoordinated stations with similar technologies or to higher power technologies such as Wi- Fi, which hinders the support of wireless dependable real-time communications in open environments. The Wireless Flexible Time-Triggered Protocol (WFTT) is a master/multi-slave protocol that builds on the flexibility and timeliness provided by the FTT paradigm and on the deterministic medium capture and maintenance provided by the bandjacking technique. This dissertation presents the WFTT protocol and argues that it allows supporting wireless real-time communication services with high dependability requirements in open environments where multiple contention-based technologies may dispute the medium access. Besides, it claims that it is feasible to provide flexible and timely wireless communications at the same time in open environments. The WFTT protocol was inspired on the FTT paradigm, from which higher layer services such as, for example, admission control has been ported. After realizing that bandjacking was an effective technique to ensure the medium access and maintenance in open environments crowded with contention-based communication technologies, it was recognized that the mechanism could be used to devise a wireless medium access protocol that could bring the features offered by the FTT paradigm to the wireless domain. The performance of the WFTT protocol is reported in this dissertation with a description of the implemented devices, the test-bed and a discussion of the obtained results.

A construção ilusória da realidade, ressignificação e recontextualização do "Bumba meu boi" do Maranhão a partir da música

A presente tese inscreve-se no domínio da etnomusicologia. Resulta da realização de trabalho de campo no estado do Maranhão/Brasil, entre 2012 e 2014, e propõe um exercício de reflexão sobre as transformações pelas quais passou a prática performativa Bumba meu Boi, a partir da introdução dos instrumentos de sopro na sua componente musical, dando origem ao Boi de Orquestra. Parti do estudo etnográfico dos quatro principais estilos de Bumba meu Boi (sotaques) existentes antes da criação do Boi de Orquestra, e de uma pesquisa de cunho histórico que buscou o modo como esta prática se configurou já no século XX e como ela se traduz na performance (folguedo). Argumento que a criação do sotaque de orquestra favoreceu a aceitação do folguedo pela elite social do Maranhão, que o identificou como próximo da cultura europeia, da qual se sentia caudatária. O repertório performativo analisado neste trabalho inclui as toadas, as danças, as indumentárias e os rituais de batizado e morte do boi, a partir dos registros sonoros e visuais efetuados no mês de junho e julho de 2013. Desta forma, este trabalho procura contribuir para a compreensão do lugar que a música ocupou nos movimentos gerados pelos povos subjugados no período pós-colonial, na luta pela afirmação do seu direito à existência singular. Neste sentido serão analisados os processos de ressignificação e de recontextualização do Bumba Meu Boi e da música, enquanto dispositivos que, no caso do Maranhão, contribuíram para a construção de mundos comuns a partir da criação de realidades ilusórias.

A integração curricular da intercompreensão numa turma de ELE

O presente Relatório Final de estágio tem como principal intento fazer o relato de uma experiência de integração curricular da intercompreensão (IC) numa turma de Espanhol Língua Estrangeira (ELE) do Ensino Secundário, decorrente do desenvolvimento de uma sessão na plataforma Galanet, procurando verificar de que forma esta experiência concorrre para o desenvolvimento curricular da disciplina. Após uma breve incursão pela paisagem didatológica que enforma este trabalho e pelos documentos reguladores do ensino de ELE em Portugal, prossegue-se com uma apresentação do contexto em que a intervenção foi realizada e da intervenção em si mesma (objetivos, estratégias, materiais, etc.). Posteriormente, procede-se a uma análise qualitativa e quantitativa dos dados, recolhidos ao longo das diversas intervenções didáticas: notas de campo elaboradas pela própria professora, artefactos escritos e orais elaborados pelos alunos; inquérito final. Propõe-se uma análise dos dados a partir do referencial aprendente, elaborado no âmbito do projeto Miriadi (Mutualização e Inovação por uma Rede de Intercompreensão à Distância), e do CARAP (Cadre de Référence pour les Approches Plurielles), orientado para as abordagens plurais do ensino-aprendizagem de línguas. Em concomitância, descreve-se de que forma a presente proposta de integração curricular da IC no ensino de ELE concorre para atingir os objetivos propostos pelo Programa de Espanhol para o Ensino Secundário, 10º ano iniciação. Os resultados evidenciam que a integração curricular da IC no ensino de ELE induz dinâmicas de ensino-aprendizagem que, ao colocarem os sujeitos em situações de comunicação plural, envolvem-nos nas suas dimensões afetiva e inteletual, originando significativas aprendizagens, tanto no que concerne a aspetos linguísticos comuns às diversas línguas românicas como a particularidades da língua espanhola.

Understanding and modelling hydrological and soil erosion processes in burnt forest catchments

Forest fires implications in overland flow and soil erosion have been researched for several years. Therefore, is widely known that fires enhance hydrological and geomorphological activity worldwide as also in Mediterranean areas. Soil burn severity has been widely used to describe the impacts of fire on soils, and has being recognized as a decisive factor controlling post-fire erosion rates. However, there is no unique definition of the term and the relationship between soil burn severity and post-fire hydrological and erosion response has not yet been fully established. Few studies have assessed post-fire erosion over multiple years, and the authors are aware of none which assess runoff. Small amount of studies concerning pre-fire management practices were also found. In the case of soil erosion models, the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and the revised Morgan–Morgan–Finney (MMF) are well-known models, but not much information is available as regards their suitability in predicting post-fire soil erosion in forest soils. The lack of information is even more pronounced as regards post-fire rehabilitation treatments. The aim of the thesis was to perform an extensive research under the post fire hydrologic and erosive response subject. By understanding the effect of burn severity in ecosystems and its implications regarding post fire hydrological and erosive responses worldwide. Test the effect of different pre-fire land management practices (unplowed, downslope plowed and contour plowed) and time-since-fire, in the post fire hydrological and erosive response, between the two most common land uses in Portugal (pine and eucalypt). Assess the performance of two widely-known erosion models (RUSLE and Revised MMF), to predict soil erosion rates during first year following two wildfires of distinctive burn severity. Furthermore, to apply these two models considering different post-fire rehabilitation treatments in an area severely affected by fire. Improve model estimations of post-fire runoff and erosion rates in two different land uses (pine and eucalypt) using the revised MMF. To assess these improvements by comparing estimations and measurements of runoff and erosion, in two recently burned sites, as also with their post fire rehabilitation treatments. Model modifications involved: (1) focusing on intra-annual changes in parameters to incorporate seasonal differences in runoff and erosion; and (2) inclusion of soil water repellency in runoff predictions. Additionally, validate these improvements with the application of the model to other pine and eucalypt sites in Central Portugal. The review and meta-analysis showed that fire occurrence had a significant effect on the hydrological and erosive response. However, this effect was only significantly higher with increasing soil burn severity for inter-rill erosion, and not for runoff. This study furthermore highlighted the incoherencies between existing burn severity classifications, and proposed an unambiguous classification. In the case of the erosion plots with natural rainfall, land use factor affected annual runoff while land management affected both annual runoff and erosion amounts significantly. Time-since-fire had an important effect in erosion amounts among unplowed sites, while for eucalypt sites time affected both annual runoff and erosion amounts. At all studied sites runoff coefficients increase over the four years of monitoring. In the other hand, sediment concentration in the runoff, recorded a decrease during the same period. Reasons for divergence from the classic post-fire recovery model were also explored. Short fire recurrence intervals and forest management practices are viewed as the main reasons for the observed severe and continuing soil degradation. The revised MMF model presented reasonable accuracy in the predictions while the RUSLE clearly overestimated the observed erosion rates. After improvements: the revised model was able to predict first-year post-fire plot-scale runoff and erosion rates for both forest types, these predictions were improved both by the seasonal changes in the model parameters; and by considering the effect of soil water repellency on the runoff, individual seasonal predictions were considered accurate, and the inclusion of the soil water repellency in the model also improved the model at this base. The revised MMF model proved capable of providing a simple set of criteria for management decisions about runoff and erosion mitigation measures in burned areas. The erosion predictions at the validation sites attested both to the robustness of the model and of the calibration parameters, suggesting a potential wider application.

Development of a sustainable method for the extraction of lycopene and β-carotene from food wastes

The main objective of the present work is the study of a profitable process not only in the extraction and selective separation of lycopene and β-carotene, two compounds present in tomato, but also in its potential application to food industry wastes. This is one of the industries that produce larger amounts of wastes, which are rich in high value biomolecules with great economic interest. However, the conventional methods used to extract this kind of compounds are expensive which limits their application at large scale. Lycopene and βcarotene are carotenoids with high commercial value, known for their antioxidant activity and benefits to human health. Their biggest source is tomato, one of the world’s most consumed fruits, reason for which large quantities of waste is produced. This work focuses on the study of diverse solvents with a high potential to extract carotenoids from tomato, as well as the search for more environmentally benign solvents than those currently used to extract lycopene and β-carotene from biomass. Additionally, special attention was paid to the creation of a continuous process that would allow the fractionation of the compounds for further purification. Thus, the present work started with the extraction of both carotenoids using a wide range of solvents, namely, organic solvents, conventional salts, ionic liquids, polymers and surfactants. In this stage, each solvent was evaluated in what regards their capacity of extraction as well as their penetration ability in biomass. The results collected showed that an adequate selection of the solvents may lead to the complete extraction of both carotenoids in one single step, particularly acetone and tetrahydrofuran were the most effective ones. However, the general low penetration capacity of salts, ionic liquids, polymers and surfactants makes these solvents ineffective in the solid-liquid extraction process. As the organic solvents showed the highest capacity to extract lycopene and βcarotene, in particular tetrahydrofuran and acetone, the latter solvent used in the development process of fractionation, using to this by strategic use of solvents. This step was only successfully developed through the manipulation of the solubility of each compound in ethanol and n-hexane. The results confirmed the possibility of fractionating the target compounds using the correct addition order of the solvents. Approximately, 39 % of the β-carotene was dissolved in ethanol and about 64 % of lycopene was dissolved in n-hexane, thus indicating their separation for two different solvents which shows the selective character of the developed process without any prior stage optimization. This study revealed that the use of organic solvents leads to selective extraction of lycopene and β-carotene, allowing diminishing the numerous stages involved in conventional methods. At the end, it was possible to idealize a sustainable and of high industrial relevance integrated process, nevertheless existing the need for additional optimization studies in the future.