Numerical Modelling of Hydrodynamic Changes Induced by a Jetty Extension: the Case of Ria de Aveiro (Portugal)

Tidally induced currents in estuarine flows are usually modulated by the tidal regime and respond differently to changes imposed to its natural propagation due to geomorphologic alterations. Some of these changes are due to the implementation of heavy engineering works, most of the times imposed by navigation needs associated with harbours growth. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the hydrodynamic response of Ria de Aveiro to an alteration on the present geometry of its inlet, which was artificially delimited in 1808 through the construction of two jetties. In order to provide access to deeper draft vessels to the Aveiro harbour, its Administration intends to create better conditions for navigation through the extension by 200 m of the north jetty. A bidimensional hydrodynamic model SIMSYS2D was used in this study to simulate two distinct situations: the actual Ria de Aveiro configuration (2009), which is used as reference, and other including the future inlet configuration with the jetty extension. Several simulations were performed, using both bathymetries and considering extreme tidal conditions as forcing on the model oceanic open boundary. The tidal prism at the lagoon mouth and at the main lagoon channels was determined. Values of sea surface elevation and horizontal current velocity were comparatively analyzed as well as harmonic analysis results. The results for the projected inlet increase comparatively to those for the present configuration, although the differences found are not significant for most of the cases analyzed. More studies should be performed in order to clarify the long term impact of these works on the lagoon hydrodynamics.

Estratégia de desenvolvimento sustentável do turismo na Ria de Aveiro

O turismo costeiro é a atividade turística mais relevante em Portugal. Este facto deve-se essencialmente à extensa e diversificada linha de costa e à crescente procura destas áreas pelas suas características paisagísticas, que levou a um forte desenvolvimento da atividade turísticas ao longo das últimas décadas. No entanto, o turismo que se tem vindo a praticar nas áreas costeiras portuguesas não responde às questões da sustentabilidade que cada vez mais estão na base da competitividade dos destinos turísticos. A garantia de sustentabilidade e a atração pelo novo e pelo diferente são fatores essenciais à capacidade de atração e competitividade de um determinado território. O sector turístico não foge à regra. Como tal é necessário inverter o modelo massificado que caracteriza o turismo costeiro e inovar nos métodos e nos modelos de desenvolvimento deste turismo A região da Ria de Aveiro, composta por 11 municípios, é uma região com fortes potencialidades turísticas, mas que se encontram subaproveitadas ou incorretamente geridas. Esta região apresenta um forte potencial para a prática de um turismo sustentável, valorizando os recursos naturais e culturais que possui. É uma região que tem como ponto de conexão a “Ria de Aveiro”, sendo uma das principais zonas húmidas do território português. Além da Ria, possui variadíssimos recursos turísticos tais como praias marítimas e fluviais, frentes ribeirinhas, marinhas de sal, florestas, áreas de interesse conservacionista, aldeias serranas, património arquitetónico, nomeadamente religioso, casas de interesse (arte nova, palheiros), museus, azulejaria, estações arqueológicas, entre outros. A proximidade entre o mar e a serra cria condições para a diversificação da paisagem, surgindo áreas tipicamente serranas que contrastam com a planície costeira e lagunar. Esta variedade de recursos constitui uma excelente oportunidade para os municípios que compõem a região, porque podem ajudar a definir e a sustentar estratégias de desenvolvimento turístico mais competitivas e associadas ao quadro de recursos naturais disponíveis. É necessário, assim, uma aposta nas singularidades e especificidades da região, oferecendo o que outros destinos não conseguem oferecer, através da exploração sustentável dos recursos endógenos. No entanto, é fundamental existir vontade política para que se possam promover e aplicar estratégias de turismo sustentável neste território. Pretende-se com este trabalho apresentar um modelo estratégico para o sector do turismo da região da Ria de Aveiro, através de uma abordagem diferenciadora, que promova e potencie, de forma integrada o quadro de recursos existentes. Esta abordagem baseia-se em quatro premissas que pretendem estruturar e orientar o modelo estratégico apresentado, sendo elas a identidade da região, a sustentabilidade e competitividade, a construção de redes e a coesão sociocultural.

Oil hydrocarbon-bacteria interactions in coastal environments

The ability of microorganisms to use oil hydrocarbons as a source of carbon and energy is crucial for environmental oil detoxification. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on fundamental aspects of this process on specific habitats and under different climate scenarios. In the first phase of this work, the culturable fraction of the oil hydrocarbon (OH) degrading bacteria from the sea surface microlayer (SML) of the estuarine system Ria de Aveiro was characterized. In the second phase, the impact of oil contamination on the active bacterial community was studied under climate change scenarios. Pseudomonas emerged as the prevailing genera among OH degrading bacteria in the SML. Moreover, culture-independent methods revealed that the relative abundance and diversity of Gammaproteobacteria, in which Pseudomonas is included, varies along an estuarine gradient of contamination. In order to access the impact of oil contamination on microbial communities under climate change scenarios, an experimental life support system for microcosm experiments (ELLS) was developed and validated for simulation of climate change effects on microbial communities. With the ELSS it is possible to simulate, in controlled conditions, fundamental parameters of the dynamics of coastal and estuarine systems while maintaining community structure in terms of the abundance of the most relevant members of the indigenous bacterial community. A microcosm experiment in which the independent and combined impact of ultraviolet radiation, ocean acidification and oil contamination on microbial communities was conducted. The impact on bacterial communities was accessed with a 16S RNA (cDNA) based barcode pyrosequencing approach. There was a drastic decrease of Desulfobacterales relative abundance after oil contamination under the reduced pH value estimated for 2100, when compared to present values. Since members of this order are known OH degraders, such a significant decrease may have consequences on OH detoxification of contaminated environments under the pH levels of the ocean expected for the future. Metagenome predictions based on the 16S RNA database indicated that several degradation pathways of OH could be affected under oil contamination and reduced water pH. Taken together, the results from this work bring new information on the dynamics of OH degrading bacteria in coastal and estuarine environments under present and future climate scenarios.

Integrated coastal geoengineering approach for maritime environments

This dissertation introduces several methodological approaches which integrate a proposed coastal management model in an interdisciplinary perspective. The research presented herein is displayed as a set of publications comprising different thematic outlooks. The thesis develops an integrated coastal geoengineering approach which is intrinsically linked to the studied maritime environments. From sandy coasts and marine works to rocky platforms and sea cliffs, this study includes field work between Caminha – Figueira da Foz (NW Portugal) and Galicia (NW Spain). The research also involves an analysis and geological-geotechnical characterisation of natural rock (armourstone) and artificial units (concrete blocks) applied to coastal structures. The main goal is to contribute to the characterisation and re-evaluation of georesources and to determine armourstone suitability and availability from its source (quarry). It was also important to diagnose the geomaterials in situ concerning their degradation/deterioration level on the basis of the current status of the coastal protection works in order to facilitate more efficient monitoring and maintenance, with economic benefits. In the rocky coast approach the coastal blocks were studied along the platform, but also the geoforms were studied from a coastal morphodynamics point of view. A shoreline evolution analysis was developed for sandy coasts through Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) extension. In addition, the spatial and statistical analysis applied to sea cliffs allowed the establishment of susceptibility zones to erosion and hazardous areas. All of these studies have different purposes and results however, there is a common denominator – GIS mapping. Hence, apart from the studied coastal environment, there is an integrated system which includes a sequence of procedures and methodologies that persisted during the research period. This is a step forward in the study of different coastal environments by using almost the same methodologies. This will allow the characterisation, monitoring and assessment of coastal protection works, rocky coasts, and shore platforms. With such data, it is possible to propose or recommend strategies for coastal and shoreline management based on several justifications in terms of social, economic, and environmental questions, or even provide a GIS-based planning support system reinforced by geocartographic decisions. Overall the development of the applied cartography embraces six stages which will allow the production of detailed maps of the maritime environment: (1) high-resolution aerial imagery surveys; (2) visual inspection and systematic monitoring; (3) applied field datasheet; (4) in situ evaluation; (5) scanline surveying; and (6) GIS mapping. This thesis covers fundamental matters that were developed over the course of scientific publication and as a consequence they represent the results obtained and discussed. The subjects directly related to the thesis architecture are: (i) cartography applied to coastal dynamics (including an art historical analysis as a tool to comprehend the coastal evolution and the littoral zone); (ii) georesources assessment (the role of cartography in georesources zoning, assessment and armourstone durability); (iii) coastal geoengineering applications and monitoring (Espinho pilot site in NW Portugal as an experimental field); (iv) rocky coast and shore platform studies and characterisation; (v) sandy and mixed environment approaches; (vi) coastal geosciences GIS mapping and photogrammetric surveying (coastal geoengineering); and (vii) shoreline change mapping and coastal management strategies (the CartGalicia Project as an example – NW Spain). Finally, all of these thematic areas were crucial to generate the conceptual models proposed and to shape the future of integrated coastal coastal geoengineering management.