Closure to “Concrete Damage Plasticity Model for Modeling FRP-to-Concrete Bond Behavior” by Y. Tao and J. F. Chen

The authors appreciate the discusser’s interest in the original paper and for the valuable discussion, which provides the opportunity to clarify and reiterate a few points made in the original paper. The comments and questions raised by the discusser are addressed in the following sections.

The Tao survivorship of schistosomes: implications for schistosomiasis control

Schistosomiasis, caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma, is a major public health problem which contributes substantially to the economic and financial burdens of many nations in the developing world. An array of survival strategies, such as the unique structure of the tegument which acts as a major host-parasite interface, immune modulation mechanisms, gene regulation, and apoptosis and self-renewal have been adopted by schistosome parasites over the course of long-term evolution with their mammalian definitive hosts. Recent generation of complete schistosome genomes together with numerous biological, immunological, high-throughput "-omics" and gene function studies have revealed the Tao or strategies that schistosomes employ not only to promote long-term survival, but also to ensure effective life cycle transmission. New scenarios for the future control of this important neglected tropical disease will present themselves as our understanding of these Tao increases.

GK-22 amide: a novel myotropic peptide from the skin secretion of the bamboo leaf odorous frog, Odorrana versabilis

The skin secretions produced by many amphibians are formidable chemical/biological weapons deployed as a defence against predators. Bioactive peptides are often the predominant class of biochemical within these secretions and the inventory of such remains incomplete with each individual taxon producing unique cocktails contained within which are some signature peptides, such as bradykinins and tachykinins. These secretions have been the source of many peptides subsequently found to have structural homologues in vertebrate neuroendocrine systems (bombesin/GRP; sauvagine/CRF; caerulein/CCK) and vice versa (bradykinin, CGRP, NMU). They are thus unequivocally intriguing resources for novel bioactive peptide discovery. Here we describe a novel 22-mer amidated peptide, named GK-22 amide (N-terminal Gly (G) and C-terminal Lys (K) amide) with an internal disulphide bridge between Cys (C) 11 and 20 from the skin secretion of Odorrana versabilis. Molecular cloning indicated that it is encoded as a single copy on a biosynthetic precursor of 59 amino acid residues consisting of a signal peptide, an acidic amino acid residue-rich spacer domain and a mature peptide encoding domain flanked N-terminally by a classical -Lys-Arg- (KR) propeptide convertase processing site and C-terminally by a Gly (G) residue amide donor. A synthetic replicate of this peptide produced potent and dose-dependent contraction of the smooth muscle of rat urinary bladder. GK-22 amide thus represents the prototype of a novel class of myotropic peptide from amphibian skin and its discovery illustrates the continuing potential of this resource to this end.