Laboratory trials on the effects of different diets on growth and survival of the common whelk, Buccinum undatum L. 1758, as a candidate species for aquaculture.

Newly hatched juvenile Buccinum undatum can be reared under laboratory conditions. Good was growth is achieved when juveniles were fed on combined diets (blue mussel, cod, and fish pellets). Juveniles reached shell heights of 33.0 ± 4.2 mm, 26.9 ± 3.8 ± mm, 23.2 ± 2.2 mm, and 20.1 ± 1.6 mm, after 14 months of fedding on a combined diet, blue mussel, cod, and fish pellets, respectively under ambient sea temperature and salinity. After 14 months juveniles fed blue mussel had the highest survival rates (67%) followed by those fed a combination of all other experimental diets (61%), cod waste (53%) and fish-feed pellets (46%). High mortalities were recorded in most treatments during the summer months between June and September. This species appears to have an aquaculture potential, as juveniles readily feed on artificial diets at an early age, show high survival rates and could potentially reach market size in 2 years or less. The major constraint in realising this potential at present, is the relatively low value of the species; if market values increased as a result of serious depletion of natural populations, hatchery production of juveniles for intensive aquaculture or restocking could become economically viable.

Measurement and interpretation of the mid-infrared properties of single crystal and polycrystalline gold

The contribution of electron-phonon scattering and grain boundary scattering to the mid-IR (lambda = 3.392 mum) properties of An has been assessed by examining both bulk, single crystal samples-Au(1 1 1) and Au(1 1 0)-and thin film, polycrystalline An samples at 300 K and 100 K by means of surface plasmon polariton excitation. The investigation constitutes a stringent test for the in-vacuo Otto-configuration prism coupler used to perform the measurements, illustrating its strengths and limitations. Analysis of the optical response is guided by a physically based interpretation of the Drude model. Relative to the reference case of single crystal Au at 100 K (epsilon = - 568 + i17.5), raising the temperature to 300 K causes increased electron-phonon scattering that accounts for a reduction of similar to40 nm in the electron mean free path. Comparison of a polycrystalline sample to the reference case determines a mean free path due to grain boundary scattering of similar to 17 nm, corresponding to about half the mean grain size as determined from atomic force microscopy and indicating a high reflectance coefficient for the An grain boundaries. An analysis combining consideration of grain boundary scattering and the inclusion of a small percentage of voids in the polycrystalline film by means of an effective medium model indicates a value for the grain boundary reflection coefficient in the range 0.55-0.71. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Reproduction and fecundity of the Irish pollan (Coregonus autumnalis Pallas, 1776), a threatened lake coregonid

The sex ratio, age at maturation, fecundity, and seasonal development of gonads of pollan (Coregonus autumnalis) in Lough Neagh are described from samples collected between November 1997 and December 1999. Pollan reproductive ecology in the 1990s was similar to that found in the 1970s. Pollan egg size and fecundity differed between years but there were no long-term trends in fecundity despite considerable subsequent eutrophication of the lough and changes in the fish community.

Distribution, extent of inter-annual variability and diet of the bloom-forming jellyfish Rhizostoma in European waters

Jellyfish (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) are increasingly thought to play a number of important ecosystem roles, but often fundamental knowledge of their distribution, seasonality and inter-annual variability is lacking. Bloom forming species, due to their high densities, can have particularly intense trophic and socio-economic impacts. In northern Europe it is known that one particularly large (up to 30 kg wet weight) bloom forming jellyfish is Rhizostoma spp. Given the potential importance, we set out to review all known records from peer-reviewed and broader public literature of the jellyfish R. octopus (Linnaeus) and R. pulmo (Macri) (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomae) across western Europe. These data revealed distinct hotspots where regular Rhizostoma spp. aggregations appeared to form, with other sites characterized by occasional abundances and a widespread distribution of infrequent observations. Surveys of known R. octopus hotspots around the Irish Sea also revealed marked inter-annual variation with particularly high abundances forming during 2003. The location of such consistent aggregations and inter-annual variances are discussed in relation to physical, climatic and dietary variations.

Discretization and solution of the inhomogeneous Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations

In the presence of inhomogeneities, defects and currents, the equations describing a Bose-condensed ensemble of alkali atoms have to be solved numerically. By combining both linear and nonlinear equations within a Discrete Variable Representation framework, we describe a computational scheme for the solution of the coupled Bogoliubov-de Gennes (BdG) and nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equations for fields in a 3D spheroidal potential. We use the method to calculate the collective excitation spectrum and quasiparticle mode densities for excitations of a Bose condensed gas in a spheroidal trap. The method is compared against finite-difference and spectral methods, and we find the DVR computational scheme to be superior in accuracy and efficiency for the cases we consider. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The current distribution and status of the freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera L. 1758 in north-west Ireland

1.Margaritifera margaritifera populations are declining throughout its range, including Ireland, despite legislation designed to protect freshwater pearl mussels and their habitat. A survey of freshwater 2. pearl mussels was carried out on rivers in County Donegal, north-west Ireland, to determine the current distribution, size and density of M. margaritifera populations, as well as to identify potential threats to mussels there. 3. The survey revealed the freshwater pearl mussel to be widespread, particularly in the western half of the county. However, densities of mussels at most sites are low, with just two sites having mussel densities of over 5?m-2. Furthermore, the species appears to be absent from a number of sites from which it had been previously recorded. 4. According to the literature, there is a long history of pearl fishing in Co. Donegal and neighbouring counties. Evidence from heaps of shells found on the river bed and banks at several sites and recent anecdotal reports from local people suggest pearl fishing is being practised on all rivers investigated during the present study. The main conservation requirements for 5. M. margaritifera populations in Donegal are to maintain water quality at its present high standard and, as pearl fishing appears to be a widespread and immediate threat to the remaining mussel populations, to enforce existing legislation designed to protect M. margaritifera.

Conservation status and reproduction of the critically endangered freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera).

1. Freshwater unionoids are one of the most threatened animal groups worldwide and the freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera is currently listed as critically endangered in Europe. The ‘EC Habitats & Species Directive’ requires that EU member states monitor the distribution and abundance of this species and report regularly on its conservation status.
2. The pearl mussel meta-population in Northern Ireland was surveyed to assess temporal population trends in Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) and mussel reproduction throughout its range.
3. Mussels occurred in six rivers and numbers within three SAC designated sites remained stable between 2004-07 and 2011. The discovery of >8,000 previously unknown individuals in the Owenreagh River contributed to an overall increase (+56.8%) in the total known population. All populations actively reproduced during 2010 with approximately half of all individuals gravid. Moreover, suitable salmonid hosts occurred at all sites with 10.7% of salmon and 22.8% of trout carrying encysted glochidia. Populations were composed entirely of aged individuals with little evidence of recent recruitment.
4. We infer that the break in the life cycle must occur during the juvenile stage when glochidia metamorphose and settle into the interstitial spaces within the substrate. Water quality parameters, most notably levels of suspended solids, exceeded the recommended maximum thresholds in all rivers.
5. We posit that the deposition of silt may be the main cause of juvenile mortality contributing to a lack of recruitment. Consequently, all populations were judged to be in ‘unfavourable’ conservation status. Catchment-level management plans are urgently needed to reduce siltation with the aim of improving recruitment. Our results have implications for the success of ex-situ conservation programmes; specifically, the size at which captive bred juveniles are released into the wild. Further research is required to assess the vulnerabilities of early life stages of M. margaritifera to siltation.

The sustainability and assessment of drystone retaining walls

The art of drystone walling is a highly sustainable traditional practice which uses local materials and craftsmen. As no
mortar is used they have low embodied carbon, and much repair work or rebuilding can be carried out using very little if any new
materials. However local practices developed to suit local materials, leading to a range of construction styles, making them difficult to
assess. This paper examines a range of construction styles of drystone retaining walls in use across the United Kingdom.
Understanding of the substantial variations of construction style is essential to enable proper assessment of these structures. Different
frictional and weathering characteristics, and the naturally occurring shapes of stone found in an area, all affect the ways in which the
stones have traditionally been assembled into walls. Ease of construction also plays a part, as the craftsman will naturally wish to
achieve a robust construction in a way that is economical of time and effort. Aesthetics may be very important, for both client and
craftsman. It is also shown that construction style is influenced by the location and function of the structures, with harbour walls
particularly likely to have unique characteristics, and the reasons for this are explored.

Surrogate-based analysis and optimization for the design of heat sinks with jet impingement

Heat sinks are widely used for cooling electronic devices and systems. Their thermal performance is usually determined by the material, shape, and size of the heat sink. With the assistance of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and surrogate-based optimization, heat sinks can be designed and optimized to achieve a high level of performance. In this paper, the design and optimization of a plate-fin-type heat sink cooled by impingement jet is presented. The flow and thermal fields are simulated using the CFD simulation; the thermal resistance of the heat sink is then estimated. A Kriging surrogate model is developed to approximate the objective function (thermal resistance) as a function of design variables. Surrogate-based optimization is implemented by adaptively adding infill points based on an integrated strategy of the minimum value, the maximum mean square error approach, and the expected improvement approaches. The results show the influence of design variables on the thermal resistance and give the optimal heat sink with lowest thermal resistance for given jet impingement conditions. 

Holocene “turn-on” and evolution of the Southern Great Barrier Reef: Revisiting reef cores from the Capricorn Bunker Group

Extensive drilling of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) in the 70s and 80s illuminated the main factors controlling reef growth during the Holocene. However, questions remain about: (1) the precise nature and timing of reef "turnon" or initiation, (2) whether consistent spatio-temporal patterns occur in the bio-sedimentologic response of the reef to Holocene sea-level rise then stability, and (3) how these factors are expressed in the context of the different evolutionary states (juvenile-mature-senile reefs). Combining 21 new C14-AMS and 146 existing recalibrated radiocarbon and U/Th ages, we investigated the detailed spatial and temporal variations in sedimentary facies and coralgal assemblages in fifteen cores across four reefs (Wreck, Fairfax, One Tree and Fitzroy) from the Southern GBR. Our newly defined facies and assemblages record distinct chronostratigraphic patterns in the cores, displaying both lateral zonation across the different reefs and shallowing upwards sequences, characterised by a transition from deep (Porites/faviids) to shallow (Acropora/Isopora) coral types. The revised reef accretion curves show a significant lag period, ranging from 0.7-2 ka, between flooding of the antecedent Pleistocene substrate and Holocene reef turn-on. This lag period and dominance of more environmentally tolerant early colonizers (e.g., domal Porites and faviids), suggests initial conditions that were unfavourable for coral growth. We contend that higher input of fine siliciclastic material from regional terrigenous sources, exposure to hydrodynamic forces and colonisation in deeper waters are the main factors influencing initially reduced growth and development. All four reefs record a time lag and we argue that the size and shape of the antecedent platform is most important in determining the duration between flooding and recolonisation of the Holocene reef. Finally, our study of Capricorn Bunker Group Holocene reefs suggests that the size and shape of the antecedent substrate has a greater impact on reef evolution and final evolutionary state (mature vs. senile), than substrate depth alone. 

Perceptions of high involvement work practices and burnout: investigating the mediating role of procedural justice and role overload and the moderating role of colleague support

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of employees’ perceptions of high involvement work practices (HIWPs) on burnout (emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation) via the mediating role of role overload and procedural justice. Further, perceived colleague support was hypothesised to moderate the effects of role overload and procedural justice on these outcomes.

Design/Methodology
The study was conducted on a random sample of unionised registered nurses (RNs) working in the Canadian public health care sector, stratified by mission and size of the institution to ensure representativeness. Of the 6546 nurses solicited, 2174 returned a completed questionnaire, resulting in a response rate of 33.2%. To test our hypotheses we conducted structural equation modelling (SEM) in Mplus version 6.0 (Muthen and Muthen, 1998 – 2010) with Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimation.

Results
The results showed that procedural justice and role overload fully mediated the influence of HIWPs on burnout. Moreover, colleague support moderated the effects of procedural justice and role overload on emotional exhaustion but not depersonalisation.

Limitations
The study used a cross-sectional research design and is conducted among one occupational group (i.e. nurses).

Research/Practical Implications
The findings question the dark side of HRM in the health care context. They also contribute to the lack of theoretical and empirical work dedicated to understanding the ‘black box’ problem (Castanheira and Chambel, 2010).

Originality/Value
The study employs a well-known theoretical perspective from the occupational health psychology literature to the HR field in order to contribute to the lack of theorising in the HR-well-being link.

Neolithic and Bronze age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome

The Neolithic and Bronze Age transitions were profound cultural shifts catalyzed in parts of Europe by migrations, first of early farmers from the Near East and then Bronze Age herders from the Pontic Steppe. However, a decades-long, unresolved controversy is whether population change or cultural adoption occurred at the Atlantic edge, within the British Isles. We address this issue by using the first whole genome data from prehistoric Irish individuals. A Neolithic woman (3343–3020 cal BC) from a megalithic burial (10.3× coverage) possessed a genome of predominantly Near Eastern origin. She had some hunter–gatherer ancestry but belonged to a population of large effective size, suggesting a substantial influx of early farmers to the island. Three Bronze Age individuals from Rathlin Island (2026–1534 cal BC), including one high coverage (10.5×) genome, showed substantial Steppe genetic heritage indicating that the European population upheavals of the third millennium manifested all of the way from southern Siberia to the western ocean. This turnover invites the possibility of accompanying introduction of Indo-European, perhaps early Celtic, language. Irish Bronze Age haplotypic similarity is strongest within modern Irish, Scottish, and Welsh populations, and several important genetic variants that today show maximal or very high frequencies in Ireland appear at this horizon. These include those coding for lactase persistence, blue eye color, Y chromosome R1b haplotypes, and the hemochromatosis C282Y allele; to our knowledge, the first detection of a known Mendelian disease variant in prehistory. These findings together suggest the establishment of central attributes of the Irish genome 4,000 y ago.