Les deux André et le concept de la durée: André Chamson et André Malraux dans le même combat pour les valeurs spirituelles.

Les vies et les carrières d’André Chamson et d’André Malraux se ressemblent par de multiples aspects. Contemporains, ils se connaissaient bien, menaient souvent les mêmes combats, souffraient des mêmes préoccupations, Mais c’est surtout par rapport à l’esprit qui les animait, en tant que grandes personnalités marquantes du XXe siècle, que d’intéressants parallèles peuvent être établis entre eux, que nous pouvons avec profit examiner les valeurs universelles et spirituelles qu’ils promouvaient, valeurs emblématiques pour tant de penseurs, d’acteurs, et d’écrivains de ce siècle. Ainsi pourrions-nous par ailleurs interroger et même évaluer la solidité, la résistance et le potentiel de telles valeurs pour le siècle à venir.

Le général de Gaulle vu par André Malraux - héros national ou européen ?

A partir du portrait de Charles de Gaulle brossé par André Malraux dans Les Chênes qu’on abat (1971), l’article cherche à analyser et à évaluer le statut de ce héros national français afin de déterminer dans quelle mesure le général peut être considéré comme un grand homme de l’Europe. Le statut et le destin du général étant étroitement liés à ceux de la France, l’article tente de caractériser la place de ce grand homme ainsi que celle de la France dans l’Europe d’après la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. Les deux perspectives temporelles de la durée, d’une part, et des événements, de l’autre, contribuent ici à nuancer le portrait de ce grand homme à la fois profondément engagé dans l’histoire de son temps et pourtant représentant d’une continuité historique. Mots-clé: de Gaulle, Malraux, France, Europe, héros, nation

Oxidative-nitrosative stress and systemic vascular function in highlanders with and without exaggerated hypoxemia

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Acute exposure to high-altitude stimulates free radical formation in lowlanders yet whether this persists during chronic exposure in healthy well-adapted and maladapted highlanders suffering from chronic mountain sickness (CMS) remains to be established. METHODS: Oxidative-nitrosative stress [ascorbate radical (A•-), electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and nitrite (NO2-), ozone-based chemiluminescence] was assessed in venous blood of 25 male highlanders living at 3,600 m with (n = 13, CMS+) and without (n = 12, CMS-) CMS. Twelve age and activity-matched healthy male lowlanders were examined at sea-level and during acute hypoxia. We also measured flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), arterial stiffness (AIx-75) and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT). RESULTS: Compared to normoxic lowlanders, oxidative-nitrosative stress was moderately increased in CMS- (P < 0.05) as indicated by elevated A•- (3,191 ± 457 vs. 2,640 ± 445 arbitrary units (AU)] and lower NO2- (206 ± 55 vs. 420 ± 128 nmol/L) whereas vascular function remained preserved. This was comparable to that observed during acute hypoxia in lowlanders in whom vascular dysfunction is typically observed. In contrast, this response was markedly exaggerated in CMS+ (A•-: 3,765 ± 429 AU and NO2- : 148 ± 50 nmol/L) compared to both CMS- and lowlanders (P < 0.05). This was associated with systemic vascular dysfunction as indicated by lower (P < 0.05 vs. CMS-) FMD (4.2 ± 0.7 vs. 7.6 ± 1.7 %) and increased AIx-75 (23 ± 8 vs. 12 ± 7 %) and carotid IMT (714 ± 127 vs. 588 ± 94 µM). CONCLUSIONS: Healthy highlanders display a moderate sustained elevation in oxidative-nitrosative stress that unlike the equivalent increase evoked by acute hypoxia in healthy lowlanders, failed to affect vascular function. Its more marked elevation in patients with CMS may contribute to systemic vascular dysfunction.Clinical Trials Gov Registration # NCT011827921Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health, Science and Sport, University of Glamorgan, Wales, UK;2Sondes Moléculaires en Biologie et Stress Oxydant, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, CNRS UMR 7273, Aix-Marseille University, France;3Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland;4Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Pisa, Italy;5Instituto Bolivano de Biologia de Altura, La Paz, Bolivia;6Centre for Clinical and Population Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland,7Botnar Center for Clinical Research, Hirslanden Group, Lausanne, Switzerland;8Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile and9Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland*Drs Bailey, Rimoldi, Scherrer and Sartori contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Damian Miles Bailey, Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health, Science and Sport, University of Glamorgan, UK CF37 4AT email: dbailey1@glam.ac.uk.

The Dynamics of Quadropoly: League Position in English Football between 1888 and 2010

The paper explores competitive balance in top tier English league football from its inception in 1888. It examines the extent to which finishing in the top four positions in successive seasons is the preserve of a small number of clubs. Using a range of statistical measures, the analysis shows that the current high levels of competitive imbalance are not new phenomena. The overall pattern approximates a ‘U curve’: current patterns parallel those in the 1890s. In the early years of English league football, differences in resources between clubs soon became apparent. Clubs from the larger conurbations generated consistently larger revenues than their counterparts in the smaller industrial towns. This was primarily the result of the larger crowds that they could attract to their home games. This enabled them to entice the best players to their clubs away from their smaller rivals. The introduction of the maximum wage in 1901 and the transfer system helped to stem these increasing inequalities between clubs. This coincided with a massive wave of new stadia construction which enabled all the clubs to compete on an increasingly level playing field. These conjunctural changes to English football before 1915 produced the era of relatively competitive football during the inter-war years. This continued until the abolition of the maximum wage in 1961. Since that time, competitive balance has reversed and become increasingly restricted. English top-tier football has re-entered an era of extreme competitive imbalance.