An Investigation of Fuzzy Multiple Heuristic Orderings in the Construction of University Examination Timetables

In this paper, we present an investigation into using fuzzy methodologies to guide the construction of high quality feasible examination timetabling solutions. The provision of automated solutions to the examination timetabling problem is achieved through a combination of construction and improvement. The enhancement of solutions through the use of techniques such as metaheuristics is, in some cases, dependent on the quality of the solution obtained during the construction process. With a few notable exceptions, recent research has concentrated on the improvement of solutions as opposed to focusing on investigating the ‘best’ approaches to the construction phase. Addressing this issue, our approach is based on combining multiple criteria in deciding on how the construction phase should proceed. Fuzzy methods were used to combine three single construction heuristics into three different pair wise combinations of heuristics in order to guide the order in which exams were selected to be inserted into the timetable solution. In order to investigate the approach, we compared the performance of the various heuristic approaches with respect to a number of important criteria (overall cost penalty, number of skipped exams, number of iterations of a rescheduling procedure required and computational time) on twelve well-known benchmark problems. We demonstrate that the fuzzy combination of heuristics allows high quality solutions to be constructed. On one of the twelve problems we obtained lower penalty than any previously published constructive method and for all twelve we obtained lower penalty than when any of the single heuristics were used alone. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the fuzzy approach used less backtracking when constructing solutions than any of the single heuristics. We conclude that this novel fuzzy approach is a highly effective method for heuristically constructing solutions and, as such, has particular relevance to real-world situations in which the construction of feasible solutions is often a difficult task in its own right.

The Islay wave power project: an engineering prospective

The design, construction and subsequent operation of the 75 kW oscillating water column wave power plant on the Isle of Islay has provided a significant insight into the practicality of wave power conversion. The development of wave power plant poses a significant design and construction challenge for not only civil but also mechanical and electrical engineers. The plant must withstand the immense forces imposed during storms, yet efficiently convert the slow cyclic motion of waves into a useful energy source such as electricity and do so at a price competitive with other forms of generation. In addition, the hostile marine environment hampers the construction process and the variability of the wave resource poses problems for electrical control and grid integration. Many sceptics consider wave power conversion to be too difficult, too expensive and too variable to justify the effort and expense necessary to develop this technology. However, the authors contend that with modular wave power systems developed from the practical experience gained with the Islay plant, wave power is a viable technology with a considerable world market potential. However, this technology is still at the early stages of development and will require the construction of a number of different prototypes before there is extensive commercial exploitation.

Load Testing of Floor Slabs in a Full-Scale Reinforced Concrete Building

A series of short and long term service load tests were undertaken on the sixth floor of the full-scale, seven storey, reinforced concrete building at the Large Building Test Facility of the Building Research Establishment at Cardington. By using internally strain gauged reinforcing bars cast into an internal and external floor bay during the construction process it was possible to gain a detailed record of slab strains resulting from the application of several arrangements of test loads. Short term tests were conducted in December 1998 and long term monitoring then ensued until April 2001. This paper describes the test programmes and presents results to indicate slab behaviour for the various loading regimes.

Applying an Agility/Discipline Assessment for a Small Software Organisation

The adoption of agile software development methodologies may appear to be a rather straightforward process yielding instantly improved software in less time and increasingly satisfied customers. This paper will show that such a notion is a misunderstanding and can be harmful to small software development organisations. A more reasonable approach involves a careful risk assessment and framework for introducing agile practices to address specific risks. A case study with a small software development organisation is provided to show the assessment in practice and the resulting risk mitigation strategies for process improvement.

Developing a model of innovation implementation for UK SMEs: A path analysis and explanatory case analysis

Continuous large-scale changes in technology and the globalization of markets have resulted in the need for many SMEs to use innovation as a means of seeking competitive advantage where innovation includes both technological and organizational perspectives (Tapscott, 2009). However, there is a paucity of systematic and empirical research relating to the implementation of innovation management in the context of SMEs. The aim of this article is to redress this imbalance via an empirical study created to develop and test a model of innovation implementation in SMEs. This study uses Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to test the plausibility of an innovation model, developed from earlier studies, as the basis of a questionnaire survey of 395 SMEs in the UK. The resultant model and construct relationship results are further probed using an explanatory multiple case analysis to explore ‘how’ and ‘why’ type questions within the model and construct relationships. The findings show that the
effects of leadership, people and culture on innovation implementation are mediated by business improvement activities relating to Total Quality Management/Continuous Improvement (TQM/CI) and product and process developments. It is concluded that SMEs have an opportunity to leverage existing quality and process improvement activities to move beyond continuous
improvement outcomes towards effective innovation implementation. The article concludes by suggesting areas suitable for further research.

A constructive approach for examination timetabling based on adaptive decomposition and ordering

In this study, we investigate an adaptive decomposition and ordering strategy that automatically divides examinations into difficult and easy sets for constructing an examination timetable. The examinations in the difficult set are considered to be hard to place and hence are listed before the ones in the easy set in the construction process. Moreover, the examinations within each set are ordered using different strategies based on graph colouring heuristics. Initially, the examinations are placed into the easy set. During the construction process, examinations that cannot be scheduled are identified as the ones causing infeasibility and are moved forward in the difficult set to ensure earlier assignment in subsequent attempts. On the other hand, the examinations that can be scheduled remain in the easy set.

Within the easy set, a new subset called the boundary set is introduced to accommodate shuffling strategies to change the given ordering of examinations. The proposed approach, which incorporates different ordering and shuffling strategies, is explored on the Carter benchmark problems. The empirical results show that the performance of our algorithm is broadly comparable to existing constructive approaches.

Realist synthesis: Critical care rapid response systems.

Background Rapid Response Systems (RRS) consist of four interrelated and interdependent components; an event detection and trigger mechanism, a response strategy, a governance structure and process improvement system. These multiple components of the RRS pose problems in evaluation as the intervention is complex and cannot be evaluated using a traditional systematic review. Complex interventions in healthcare aimed at changing service delivery and related behaviour of health professionals require a different approach to summarising the evidence. Realist synthesis is such an approach to reviewing research evidence on complex interventions to provide an explanatory analysis of how and why an intervention works or doesn’t work in practice. The core principle is to make explicit the underlying assumptions about how an intervention is suppose to work (ie programme theory) and then use this theory to guide evaluation. Methods A realist synthesis process was used to explain those factors that enable or constrain the success of RRS programmes. Results The findings from the review include the articulation of the RRS programme theories, evaluation of whether these theories are supported or refuted by the research evidence and an evaluation of evidence to explain the underlying reasons why RRS works or doesn’t work in practice. Rival conjectured RRS programme theories were identified to explain the constraining factors regarding implementation of RRS in practice. These programme theories are presented using a logic model to highlight all the components which impact or influence the delivery of RRS programmes in the practice setting. The evidence from the realist synthesis provided the foundation for the development of hypothesis to test and refine the theories in the subsequent stages of the Realist Evaluation PhD study [1]. This information will be useful in providing evidence and direction for strategic and service planning of acute care to improve patient safety in hospital. References: McGaughey J, Blackwood B, O’Halloran P, Trinder T. J. & Porter S. (2010) Realistic Evaluation of Early Warning Systems and the Acute Life-threatening Events – Recognition and Treatment training course for early recognition and management of deteriorating ward-based patients: research protocol. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66 (4), 923-932.

Early warning systems: problems, pragmatics and potential

Symposium Chair: Dr Jennifer McGaughey

Title: Early Warning Systems: problems, pragmatics and potential

Early Warning Systems (EWS) provide a mechanism for staff to recognise, refer and manage deteriorating patients on general hospital wards. Implementation of EWS in practice has required considerable change in the delivery of critical care across hospitals. Drawing their experience of these changes the authors will demonstrate the problems and potential of using EWS to improve patient outcomes.

The first paper (Dr Jennifer McGaughey: Early Warning Systems: what works?) reviews the research evidence regarding the factors that support or constrain the implementation of Early Warning System (EWS) in practice. These findings explain those processes which impact on the successful achievement of patient outcomes. In order to improve detection and standardise practice National EWS have been implemented in the United Kingdom. The second paper (Catherine Plowright: The implementation of the National EWS in a District General Hospital) focuses on the process of implementing and auditing a National EWS. This process improvement is essential to contribute to future collaborative research and collection of robust datasets to improve patient safety as recommended by the Royal College of Physicians (RCP 2012). To successfully implement NEWS in practice requires strategic planning and staff education. The practical issues of training staff is discussed in the third paper. This paper (Collette Laws-Chapman: Simulation as a modality to embed the use of Early Warning Systems) focuses on using simulation and structured debrief to enhance learning in the early recognition and management of deteriorating patients. This session emphasises the importance of cognitive and social skills developed alongside practical skills in the simulated setting.

An updated comprehensive techno-economic analysis of algae biodiesel

Algae biodiesel is a promising but expensive alternative fuel to petro-diesel. To overcome cost barriers, detailed cost analyses are needed. A decade-old cost analysis by the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory indicated that the costs of algae biodiesel were in the range of $0.53–0.85/L (2012 USD values). However, the cost of land and transesterification were just roughly estimated. In this study, an updated comprehensive techno-economic analysis was conducted with optimized processes and improved cost estimations. Latest process improvement, quotes from vendors, government databases, and other relevant data sources were used to calculate the updated algal biodiesel costs, and the final costs of biodiesel are in the range of $0.42–0.97/L. Additional improvements on cost-effective biodiesel production around the globe to cultivate algae was also recommended. Overall, the calculated costs seem promising, suggesting that a single step biodiesel production process is close to commercial reality.

Establishing ex ante public construction supply chain guidelines in the public procurement of Schools' estate

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore the formative development of construction supply chain guidelines or proposals in a UK region’s schools’ estates procurement process to more effectively address a forthcoming increase in investment.

Design/methodology/approach – The research approach is interpretive. Using an action research approach, repeated semi-structured interviews and focus groups with a range of stakeholders are conducted.

Findings – The current construction supply chain in schools’ estate procurement has many difficulties, not least given the highly fragmented and disconnected nature of the projects. Synergies are being missed and there is little or no continuous improvement. Drawing on these findings, the research iteratively develops a range of proposals and guidelines to address this situation.

Research limitations/implications – This research adds weight to the current focus on pressing for change in the construction industry. It presents potentially valuable insights into the benefits of partnering arrangements and how these might usefully be incorporated into schools’ estate supply chain.

Practical implications – A set of guidelines is developed to guide the public procurement of schools’ estate in a UK region. These guidelines are set within the context of the Modernising and Rethinking Construction agenda.

Originality/value – The action research approach enabled the researchers to gain a unique insight into how public procurement and contractor personnel interact and to establish effective practical guidelines.

Improvement of the efficiency of energy transfer in the hydro-entanglement process

Hydro-entanglement is a versatile process for bonding non-woven fabrics by the use of fine, closely-spaced, high-velocity jets of water to rearrange and entangle arrays of fibres. The cost of the process mainly depends on the amount of energy consumed. Therefore, the economy of the process is highly affected by optimisation of the energy required. In this paper a parameter called critical pressure is introduced which is indicative of the energy level requirement. The results of extensive experimental work are reported and analysed to give a clear understanding of the effect of the web and fibre properties on the critical pressure in the hydro-entanglement process. Furthermore, different energy-transfer distribution schemes are tested on various fabrics. The optimum scheme which involves the lowest energy consumption and the best fabric properties is identified. © 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.