Un episodio en la recepción cultural dieciochesca de lo exótico: la llegada del elefante a Madrid en 1773

At the end of 1773 an Indian elephant, brought for the royal ménagerie at Aranjuez, was shown in the streets of Madrid. The resulting public fascination provoked by the intrusion of this exotic animal can be traced through poems (Tomás de Iriarte), short plays (Ramón de la Cruz), articles in the periodical press, popular and scientific prints representing the animal, and even in the costumbrista pastels of Lorenzo Tiepolo. The mythic and premodern knowledge of animal nature collides in a debate with the new scientific observation. In the final decades of the 18th century, the image of the captive elephant acquired in Europe a new symbolic meaning linked with the political fight against slavery. All these very different elements converge in Goya's Disparate de bestia.

The practice of book illustration: Three examples by Norah Borges

This article focuses on three different examples of book illustration carried out by Norah Borges in the 1930s and 1940s (Canciones de mar y tierra by Concha Méndez, Platero y yo by Juan Ramón Jiménez, and Paul et Virginie by Bernardin de Saint-Pierre). Its purpose is twofold: to show how illustrations can shape our reading of texts and to examine how the artist's work can be assimilated to a current of neorromanticismo in Spanish letters dating back to the pre-Civil War period. Her work might serve as an illustration of what Ramón Gómez de la Serna termed the cursi bueno, a marginalized reaction to the dehumanization of art that speaks of sentiment, domesticity and, in women's case, of repressed longing.

Fragmentos de Soto de Rojas: a ‘new’ mythological fable of the Spanish Baroque

The twentieth-century poet Gerardo Diego’s commitment to the recovery of a ‘sub-genre’, the mythological fable, evident in his Fábula de Equis y Zeda (1930) has been acknowledged by Peinado Elliot (2006), among others. However a recent discovery in his archive has revealed a hitherto unknown aspect of the poet’s scholarly commitment to this endeavour. A transcription of a previously unpublished, and until recently, unknown Baroque mythological fable with the title ‘Fábula de Alfeo y Aretusa’ was recently found by his daughter Elena, alongside an unpublished study by the young poet of said fable entitled ‘Un poema manuscrito del siglo XVII de la biblioteca Menéndez Pelayo’. Rosa Navarro Durán (2012) is convinced that the correspondences with Soto de Rojas’ 'Los fragmentos de Adonis' and the clear imprint of Góngora’s 'Soledades' and his 'Fábula de Píramo y Tisbe' permit us to attribute it, with some confidence, to Pedro Soto de Rojas. This essay will consider the significance of this exciting discovery for our reading of Soto de Rojas’ existing corpus, exploring in particular the poem’s links with the dark eroticism of the Fragmentos de Adonis, (1652) and the early Fábula de la Naya.(1623)

Release of β-galactosidase from poloxamine/α-cyclodextrin hydrogels

All mammals lose their ability to produce lactase (β-galactosidase), the enzyme that cleaves lactose into galactose and glucose, after weaning. The prevalence of lactase deficiency (LD) spans from 2 to 15% among northern Europeans, to nearly 100% among Asians. Following lactose consumption, people with LD often experience gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain, bowel distension, cramps and flatulence, or even systemic problems such as headache, loss of concentration and muscle pain. These symptoms vary depending on the amount of lactose ingested, type of food and degree of intolerance. Although those affected can avoid the uptake of dairy products, in doing so, they lose a readily available source of calcium and protein. In this work, gels obtained by complexation of Tetronic 90R4 with α-cyclodextrin loaded with β-galactosidase are proposed as a way to administer the enzyme immediately before or with the lactose-containing meal. Both molecules are biocompatible, can form gels in situ, and show sustained erosion kinetics in aqueous media. The complex was characterized by FTIR that evidenced an inclusion complex between the polyethylene oxide block and α-cyclodextrin. The release profiles of β-galactosidase from two different matrices (gels and tablets) of the in situ hydrogels have been obtained. The influence of the percentage of Tetronic in media of different pH was evaluated. No differences were observed regarding the release rate from the gel matrices at pH 6 (t50 = 105 min). However, in the case of the tablets, the kinetics were faster and they released a greater amount of 90R4 (25%, t50 = 40–50 min). Also, the amount of enzyme released was higher for mixtures with 25% Tetronic. Using suitable mathematical models, the corresponding kinetic parameters have been calculated. In all cases, the release data fit quite well to the Peppas–Sahlin model equation, indicating that the release of β-galactosidase is governed by a combination of diffusion and erosion processes. It has been observed that the diffusion mechanism prevails over erosion during the first 50 minutes, followed by continued release of the enzyme due to the disintegration of the matrix.

The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts

Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species. Existing global databases of species' threat status or population time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of historical declines and to project - and avert - future declines. We describe and assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35) biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than 1% of the described species within many taxonomic groups - including flowering plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems - http://www.predicts.org.uk). We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. The full database will be publicly available in 2015.

High-affinity phosphate/arsenate transport in white lupin (Lupinus albus) is relatively insensitive to phosphate status

The development of proteoid roots under phosphorus deficiency by white lupin (Lupinus albus) may result in increased arsenate uptake, as arsenate is a phosphate analogue. This, together with its high biomass production, rapid growth and ability to survive in soils with low phosphate and nitrogen contents, low pH and high metal contents make them an interesting species to investigate with respect to revegetation, and possibly also for long-term phytoremediation, of arsenic contaminated soils. Kinetic parameters for arsenate uptake for P-deficient and P-sufficient plants, as well as for proteoid and nonproteoid roots were obtained. Down-regulation of arsenate uptake by phosphate, as well as phosphate/arsenate competition for P-deficient and P-sufficient plants was studied. Arsenate uptake was reduced by phosphate, but small differences were found between P-deficient and P-sufficient plants. Arsenate uptake by proteoid roots was higher than for nonproteoid roots of P-deficient plants, with higher V_max and similar K_m values. Down-regulation of the high affinity phosphate/arsenate uptake system by phosphate does take place but seems to be slower than in other plants. This study suggests that the low sensitivity of the phosphate/arsenate uptake system to regulation by phosphate may be related to the adaptations of white lupin to low P available environments. Such adaptation are absent in plants unable to develop proteoid roots.

Hydrogen-permeation characteristics of a SrCeO3-based ceramic separation membrane:Thermal, ageing and surface-modification effects

Dense ceramics with mixed protonic-electronic conductivity are of considerable interest for the separation and purification of hydrogen and as electrochemical reactors. In this work, the hydrogen permeability of a Sr_0.97Ce_0.9Yb_0.1O_{3 - δ} (SCYb) membrane with a porous Pt catalytic layer on the hydrogen feed-exposed side has been studied over the temperature range 500-804 °C employing Ar as the permeate sweep gas. A SiO₂-B₂O₃-BaO-MgO-ZnO-based glass-ceramic sealant was successfully employed to seal the membrane to the dual-chamber reactor. After 14 h of exposure to 10% H₂:90% N₂ at 804 °C, the H₂ flux reached a maximum of 33 nmol cm^{- 2} s^{- 1}, over an order of magnitude higher than that obtained on membranes of similar thickness without surface modification. The permeation rate then decreased slowly and moderately on annealing at 804 °C over a further 130 h. Thereafter, the flux was both reproducible and stable on thermal cycling in the range 600-804 °C. The results indicate an important role of superficial activation processes in the flux rate and suggest that hydrogen fluxes can be further optimised in cerate-based perovskites. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance

ThetimingofNeanderthal disappearanceandtheextent to whichthey overlapped with the earliest incoming anatomically modern humans (AMHs)inEurasia arekey questions inpalaeoanthropology1,2 .Deter- mining the spatiotemporal relationship between the two populations is crucial if we are to understand the processes, timing and reasons leading to the disappearance of Neanderthals and the likelihood of cultural and genetic exchange. Serious technical challenges, however, havehinderedreliable datingof the period,as theradiocarbonmethod reaches its limit at 50,000 years ago3 .Herewe apply improved accel- erator mass spectrometry 14C techniques to construct robust chro- nologies from 40 key Mousterian and Neanderthal archaeological sites, ranging fromRussia toSpain.Bayesianagemodellingwas used togenerate probability distributionfunctions todetermine the latest appearancedate.Weshowthat theMousterianendedby41,030–39,260 calibratedyears BP(at95.4%probability) acrossEurope.Wealsodem- onstrate that succeeding ‘transitional’ archaeological industries, one ofwhich has beenlinked withNeanderthals (Cha ˆtelperronian)4 ,end at a similar time. Our data indicate that the disappearance of Nean- derthals occurred at different times in different regions.Comparing the data with results obtained fromthe earliest datedAMHsites in Europe, associated with the Uluzzian technocomplex5 , allows us to quantify the temporal overlap between the two human groups. The results revealasignificantoverlap of 2,600–5,400years (at 95.4%prob- ability).This hasimportant implications formodels seeking toexplain the cultural, technological and biological elements involved in the replacement of Neanderthals byAMHs.Amosaic of populations in Europe during the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition suggests that there was ample time for the transmission of cultural and sym- bolic behaviours, as well as possible genetic exchanges, between the two groups.

Burden of Cancer in a Large Consortium of Prospective Cohorts in Europe

BACKGROUND: Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) are an indicator of mortality, morbidity, and disability. We calculated DALYs for cancer in middle-aged and older adults participating in the Consortium on Health and Ageing Network of Cohorts in Europe and the United States (CHANCES) consortium.

METHODS: A total of 90 199 participants from five European cohorts with 10 455 incident cancers and 4399 deaths were included in this study. DALYs were calculated as the sum of the years of life lost because of premature mortality (YLLs) and the years lost because of disability (YLDs). Population-attributable fractions (PAFs) were also estimated for five cancer risk factors, ie, smoking, adiposity, physical inactivity, alcohol intake, and type II diabetes.

RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 12 years, the total number of DALYs lost from cancer was 34 474 (382 per 1000 individuals) with a similar distribution by sex. Lung cancer was responsible for the largest number of lost DALYs (22.9%), followed by colorectal (15.3%), prostate (10.2%), and breast cancer (8.7%). Mortality (81.6% of DALYs) predominated over disability. Ever cigarette smoking was the risk factor responsible for the greatest total cancer burden (24.0%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 22.2% to 26.0%), followed by physical inactivity (4.9%, 95% CI = 0.8% to 8.1%) and adiposity (1.8%, 95% CI = 0.2% to 2.8%).

CONCLUSIONS: DALYs lost from cancer were substantial in this large European sample of middle-aged and older adults. Even if the burden of disease because of cancer is predominantly caused by mortality, some cancers have sizeable consequences for disability. Smoking remained the predominant risk factor for total cancer burden.