5 resultados para Force Measurement
em QUB Research Portal - Research Directory and Institutional Repository for Queen's University Belfast
Resumo:
With the main focus on safety, design of structures for vibration serviceability is often overlooked or mismanaged, resulting in some high profile structures failing publicly to perform adequately under human dynamic loading due to walking, running or jumping. A standard tool to inform better design, prove fitness for purpose before entering service and design retrofits is modal testing, a procedure that typically involves acceleration measurements using an array of wired sensors and force generation using a mechanical shaker. A critical but often overlooked aspect is using input (force) to output (response) relationships to enable estimation of modal mass, which is a key parameter directly controlling vibration levels in service.
This paper describes the use of wireless inertial measurement units (IMUs), designed for biomechanics motion capture applications, for the modal testing of a 109 m footbridge. IMUs were first used for an output-only vibration survey to identify mode frequencies, shapes and damping ratios, then for simultaneous measurement of body accelerations of a human subject jumping to excite specific vibrations modes and build up bridge deck accelerations at the jumping location. Using the mode shapes and the vertical acceleration data from a suitable body landmark scaled by body mass, thus providing jumping force data, it was possible to create frequency response functions and estimate modal masses.
The modal mass estimates for this bridge were checked against estimates obtained using an instrumented hammer and known mass distributions, showing consistency among the experimental estimates. Finally, the method was used in an applied research application on a short span footbridge where the benefits of logistical and operational simplicity afforded by the highly portable and easy to use IMUs proved extremely useful for an efficient evaluation of vibration serviceability, including estimation of modal masses.
Resumo:
The contribution of electron-phonon scattering and grain boundary scattering to the mid-IR (lambda = 3.392 mum) properties of An has been assessed by examining both bulk, single crystal samples-Au(1 1 1) and Au(1 1 0)-and thin film, polycrystalline An samples at 300 K and 100 K by means of surface plasmon polariton excitation. The investigation constitutes a stringent test for the in-vacuo Otto-configuration prism coupler used to perform the measurements, illustrating its strengths and limitations. Analysis of the optical response is guided by a physically based interpretation of the Drude model. Relative to the reference case of single crystal Au at 100 K (epsilon = - 568 + i17.5), raising the temperature to 300 K causes increased electron-phonon scattering that accounts for a reduction of similar to40 nm in the electron mean free path. Comparison of a polycrystalline sample to the reference case determines a mean free path due to grain boundary scattering of similar to 17 nm, corresponding to about half the mean grain size as determined from atomic force microscopy and indicating a high reflectance coefficient for the An grain boundaries. An analysis combining consideration of grain boundary scattering and the inclusion of a small percentage of voids in the polycrystalline film by means of an effective medium model indicates a value for the grain boundary reflection coefficient in the range 0.55-0.71. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
The methane solubility in five pure electrolyte solvents and one binary solvent mixture for lithium ion batteries – such as ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) and the (50:50 wt%) mixture of EC:DMC was studied experimentally at pressures close to atmospheric and as a function of temperature between (280 and 343) K by using an isochoric saturation technique. The effect of the selected anions of a lithium salt LiX (X = hexafluorophosphate,
<img height="16" border="0" style="vertical-align:bottom" width="27" alt="View the MathML source" title="View the MathML source" src="http://origin-ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0021961414002146-si1.gif">PF6-; tris(pentafluoroethane)trifluorurophosphate, FAP−; bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, TFSI−) on the methane solubility in electrolytes for lithium ion batteries was then investigated using a model electrolyte based on the binary mixture of EC:DMC (50:50 wt%) + 1 mol · dm−3 of lithium salt in the same temperature and pressure ranges. Based on experimental solubility data, the Henry’s law constant of the methane in these solutions were then deduced and compared together and with those predicted by using COSMO-RS methodology within COSMOthermX software. From this study, it appears that the methane solubility in each pure solvent decreases with the temperature and increases in the following order: EC < PC < EC:EMC (50:50 wt%) < DMC < EMC < DEC, showing that this increases with the van der Walls force in solution. Additionally, in all investigated EC:DMC (50:50 wt%) + 1 mol · dm−3 of lithium salt electrolytes, the methane solubility decreases also with the temperature and the methane solubility is higher in the electrolyte containing the LiFAP salt, followed by that based on the LiTFSI one. From the variation of the Henry’s law constants with the temperature, the partial molar thermodynamic functions of solvation, such as the standard Gibbs free energy, the enthalpy, and the entropy where then calculated, as well as the mixing enthalpy of the solvent with methane in its hypothetical liquid state. Finally, the effect of the gas structure on their solubility in selected solutions was discussed by comparing methane solubility data reported in the present work with carbon dioxide solubility data available in the same solvents or mixtures to discern the more harmful gas generated during the degradation of the electrolyte, which limits the battery lifetime.
