Annotation of Case C-353/92, Hellenic Republic v Council, ECR 1994 I-3411, and Case C-358/92, Hellenic Republic v Commission, ECR I-3507

Action for annulment - Council Regulation (EEC) Nº 1765/92 of 30 June 1992 establishing a support system for producers of certain arable crops - Commission Regulation (EEC) Nº 2294/92 of 31 July 1992 on detailed rules for the application of the support system for producers of the oil seeds referred to in Council Regulation (EEC) Nº 1765/92 - Obligation to observe a final date for sowing and for lodging an application for a compensatory payment

Annotation of Case C-375/92, Commission v Kingdom of Spain, ECR 1994 I-923, and Case C-45/93, Commission v Kingdom of Spain, ECR 1994 I-911

Failure to fulfil obligations - Freedom to provide services - Tourist guides - Professional qualification required by national rule - Discrimination - Museum admission

Forward to the Past? Loyalist Paramilitarianism in Northern Ireland since 1994

This article considers in detail loyalist paramilitary activity in Northern Ireland since the paramilitary cease-fires of 1994. The continuing nature of contemporary loyalist violence is documented with reference to sectarian attacks against members of the “Other”/Catholic community and associated symbols of that community, violence directed at other loyalists, and the potential for future violence given constitutional uncertainty regarding Northern Ireland's position within the United Kingdom. The article also challenges assumptions within the broader literature of an inability within loyalist paramilitary groups to move beyond violence in the post-cease-fire period with particular reference to their conflict transformation efforts.

Monitoring for clenbuterol abuse in N Ireland 1989-1994

Laboratory testing in N. Ireland for the illegal growth promoting agent, clenbuterol (CBL), is centralized at the Veterinary Sciences Division, Belfast. During the past 6 years a variety of testing schemes have evolved to determine the level of abuse of this drug in the local meat industry.

Change in the use of and attitude to peak flow measurement among general practitioners in Northern Ireland between 1989 and 1994

In 1994 we repeated a study first performed in 1989 to assess the change in general practitioners' use of and attitudes to peak flow measurement. Of 232 general practitioners surveyed, 199 (86%) and 192 (83%) responded in 1989 and 1994 respectively. The percentage who reported having patients using domiciliary peak flow monitoring rose form 58.3 (95% confidence limits 51.4 to 65.2)% to 97.9 (95.9 to 99.9)%. The percentage who reported 'usually' using peak flow measurements for the diagnosis and management of asthma rose from 81.9 (76.5 to 87.3)% to 93.2 (89.6 to 96.8)% and from 83.3 (78.1 to 88.5)% to 95.8 (92.9 to 98.7)% respectively. An unchanged proportion took peak flow meters on house calls. General practitioners have become more aware of the potential of peak flow measurements but are still unlikely to have a meter available to assess patients seen at home. They are therefore likely to be ill-equipped to manage acute exacerbations of asthma in this setting.

Persistent and consistent poverty in the 1994 and 1995 waves of the European Community Household Panel Survey

This paper focuses on the mismatch between income and deprivation measures of poverty. Using the first two waves of the European Community Household Panel Survey, a measure of relative deprivation is constructed and the overlap between the relative income poor and relatively deprived is examined, There is very limited overlap with the lowest relative income threshold. The overlap increases as the income threshold is raised, but it remains true that less than half those below the 60 percent relative income line are among the most deprived. Relative deprivation is shown to be related to the persistence of income poverty, but also to a range of other resource and need factors. Income and deprivation measures each contain information that can profitably be employed to enhance our understanding of poverty and a range of other social phenomena. This is illustrated by the manner in which both income poverty and relative deprivation are associated with self-reported difficulty making ends meet.

Social mobility in Ireland in the 1990s: Evidence from the 1994 living in Ireland survey

In this paper we seek to update findings relating to class mobility outcomes and processes in the Republic of Ireland employing data from the Living in Ireland Survey which was carried out in 1994. We also provide an evaluation of a measured variable model of the mobility process developed on an earlier data set. Our findings confirm that transformation of the class structure has been associated with substantial levels of social mobility. At the same time inequalities of opportunity as reflected in the underlying patterns of social fluidity remain substantial and are constant across cohorts. Gender differences are almost entirely a consequence of occupational segregation and there is no evidence that the underlying processes of class disadvantage operate differently for men and women.