Design of a radio frequency heated isothermal micro-trickle bed reactor

A near-isothermal micro-trickle bed reactor operated under radio frequency heating was developed. The reactor bed was packed with nickel ferrite micro-particles of 110. μm diameter, generating heat by the application of RF field at 180. kHz. Hydrodynamics in a co-current configuration was analysed and heat transfer rates were determined at temperature ranging from 55 to 100. °C. A multi-zone reactor bed of several heating and catalytic zones was proposed in order to achieve near-isothermal operations. Exact positioning, number of the heating zones and length of the heating zones composed of a mixture of nickel ferrite and a catalyst were determined by solving a one dimensional model of heat transfer by conduction and convection. The conductive losses contributed up to 30% in the total thermal losses from the reactor. Three heating zones were required to obtain an isothermal length of 50. mm with a temperature non-uniformity of 2. K. A good agreement between the modelling and experimental results was obtained for temperature profiles of the reactor. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

Circulating YKL-40 in patients with essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera treated with the novel histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat

YKL-40 regulates vascular endothelial growth factors and induces tumor proliferation. We investigated YKL-40 before and after treatment with vorinostat in 31 polycythemia vera (PV) and 16 essential thrombocythemia (ET) patients. Baseline PV patient levels were 2 times higher than in healthy controls (P < 0.0001) and 1.7 times higher than in ET (P = 0.02). A significant correlation between YKL-40 at baseline and neutrophils, CRP, LDH, JAK2V617F and platelets in PV patients was observed, as well as a significantly greater reduction of YKL-40 levels in PV patients responding to therapy. YKL-40 might be a novel marker of disease burden and progression in myeloproliferative neoplasms.

STAT3 activation in circulating immune cells is related to neovascular age-related macular degeneration

Purpose:The Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway is known to play an important role in inflammation and angiogenesis. STAT3 can be activated by IL-6 family cytokines through the receptor IL-6R/gp130. Increased IL-6 has been detected in the plasma and vitreous in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the STAT3 pathway in the pathogenesis of nAMD.

Methods:Blood cells from nAMD patients (n = 11) and age-, gender-matched healthy controls (n = 13) were stimulated with IL-6 for 20 minutes. The expression of the activated form of STAT3 (p-STAT3) was examined by flow cytometry. The mRNA levels of gp130, IL-6R and the suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3, a negative regulator of p-STAT3) were evaluated by real-time RT-PCR. Laser-induced choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) was performed in WT C57BL/6J mice as well as in the myeloid cell specific SOCS3 deficiency mice i.e., the LysMCre-SOCS3fl/fl mice. STAT3 activation in CNV lesions was examined by western blot. The size of CNV at different times after laser treatment was measured by confocal microscopy of RPE/choroidal flatmounts.

Results:The expression of p-STAT3 in CD11b+ monocytes was significantly increased in nAMD patients compared to healthy controls, although mRNA expression of gp130, IL-6R and SOCS3 did not differ between patients and controls. The expression of p-STAT3 in the retinal and RPE/choroidal tissues was increased at 1 and 3 days after laser treatment. The administration of a STAT3 inhibitor LLL12 significantly suppressed CNV. CD11b+ monocytes from LysMCre-SOCS3fl/fl mice expressed higher levels of p-STAT3 compared to the cells from WT mice. Laser induced CNV developed earlier and were larger in LysMCre-SOCS3fl/fl mice compared to WT C57BL/6J mice.

Conclusions:Our results suggest that STAT3 activation in circulating monocytes may contribute to the development of choroidal neovascularisation in AMD, and targeting the STAT3 pathway may have therapeutic potential in nAMD.

A new method for transmission loss allocation considering the circulating currents between generators

A new method is presented for transmission loss allocation based on the separation of transmission loss caused by load and the loss due to circulating currents between generators. The theoretical basis for and derivation of the loss formulae are presented using simple systems. The concept is then extended to a general power system using the Ybus model. Details of the application of the proposed method to a typical power system are presented along with results from the IEEE 30 bus test system. The results from both the small system and the standard IEEE test system demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.

The hydraulics and resulting bed scour within the vicinity of Submerged Single Span Arch Bridges

As a consequence of climate change there is now a more frequent occurrence of extreme rainfall events where, with higher rates of urbanisation, the built environment has become increasingly affected by flooding.. This is of particular importance in relation to the stability of bridge structures that span rivers and canals etc. In November 2009, the UK and Ireland were subjected to extraordinarily severe weather conditions for several days. The rainfall was logged as the highest level of rainfall ever recorded within the UK, and as a direct consequence, unprecedented flooding occurred in Cumbria. This flooding led to the collapse of three road bridges which were generally 19th century masonry arch bridges, with relatively shallow foundations. In the UK, knowledge of the combined effect of bridge scouring and inundation has been not been particularly widely studied. Research carried out by Hamill et al [1] considered the hydraulic analysis of single arch bridges under flood conditions, but no consideration was given towards the likely damage to these structures due to scouring. Prior to this, Bierry and Delleur [2] produced a classic paper in predicting the discharge downstream of an inundated arch, focussing on predicting afflux as opposed to bridge scour. Further work on backwater effects was carried out by Martin-Vide & Prio [3] in semi-circular arch bridges. Both pressurized and free-surface flows at the bridge were investigated. Flows on a mobile bed in clear-water conditions were compared to those with a rigid bed, but no predictive equation for scour under pressurised conditions was considered. This paper will present initial findings from an experimental investigation into the effects of surcharged flow and subsequent scour within the vicinity of single span arch bridges. Velocities profiles will be shown within the vicinity of the arch, in addition to the depth of clear water scour, for a series of flows and model spans. The data will be presented, where results will be correlated to the most recent predictive equations that are proposed.

Gastroretentive Extended-Release Floating Granules Prepared Using a Novel Fluidized Hot Melt Granulation (FHMG) Technique

The objective of this work was to investigate the feasibility of using a novel granulation technique, namely, fluidized hot melt granulation (FHMG), to prepare gastroretentive extended-release floating granules. In this study we have utilized FHMG, a solvent free process in which granulation is achieved with the aid of low melting point materials, using Compritol 888 ATO and Gelucire 50/13 as meltable binders, in place of conventional liquid binders. The physicochemical properties, morphology, floating properties, and drug release of the manufactured granules were investigated. Granules prepared by this method were spherical in shape and showed good flowability. The floating granules exhibited sustained release exceeding 10 h. Granule buoyancy (floating time and strength) and drug release properties were significantly influenced by formulation variables such as excipient type and concentration, and the physical characteristics (particle size, hydrophilicity) of the excipients. Drug release rate was increased by increasing the concentration of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and Gelucire 50/13, or by decreasing the particle size of HPC. Floating strength was improved through the incorporation of sodium bicarbonate and citric acid. Furthermore, floating strength was influenced by the concentration of HPC within the formulation. Granules prepared in this way show good physical characteristics, floating ability, and drug release properties when placed in simulated gastric fluid. Moreover, the drug release and floating properties can be controlled by modification of the ratio or physical characteristics of the excipients used in the formulation.

A new comparator account of auditory verbal hallucinations: how motor prediction can plausibly contribute to the sense of agency for inner speech

The comparator account holds that processes of motor prediction contribute to the sense of agency by attenuating incoming sensory information and that disruptions to this process contribute to misattributions of agency in schizophrenia. Over the last 25 years this simple and powerful model has gained widespread support not only as it relates to bodily actions but also as an account of misattributions of agency for inner speech, potentially explaining the etiology of auditory verbal hallucination (AVH). In this paper we provide a detailed analysis of the traditional comparator account for inner speech, pointing out serious problems with the specification of inner speech on which it is based and highlighting inconsistencies in the interpretation of the electrophysiological evidence commonly cited in its favor. In light of these analyses we propose a new comparator account of misattributed inner speech. The new account follows leading models of motor imagery in proposing that inner speech is not attenuated by motor prediction, but rather derived directly from it. We describe how failures of motor prediction would therefore directly affect the phenomenology of inner speech and trigger a mismatch in the comparison between motor prediction and motor intention, contributing to abnormal feelings of agency. We argue that the new account fits with the emerging phenomenological evidence that AVHs are both distinct from ordinary inner speech and heterogeneous. Finally, we explore the possibility that the new comparator account may extend to explain disruptions across a range of imagistic modalities, and outline avenues for future research.

A continuous flow packed bed photocatalytic reactor for the destruction of 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin utilising pelletised TiO2

Taste and odour compounds, especially geosmin (GSM) and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), cause major problems in both drinking water and aquaculture industries world-wide. Aquaculture in particular has experienced significant financial losses due to the accumulation of taint compounds prior to harvest resulting in consumer rejection. UV-TiO2 photocatalysis has been demonstrated to remove GSM and 2-MIB at laboratory scale but the development of a continuous flow reactor suitable for use in water treatment has not been investigated. In this study, a pilot packed bed photocatalytic reactor was developed and evaluated for water treatment with both laboratory and naturally tainted samples. A significant reduction of both 2-MIB and GSM was achieved in both trials using the packed bed reactor unit. With the laboratory spiked water (100ngL-1 of each compound added prior to treatment), detectable levels were reduced by up to 97% after a single pass through the unit. When the reactor was used to treat water in a fish farm where both compounds were being produced in situ (2-MIB: 19ngL-1 and GSM: 14ngL-1) a reduction of almost 90% in taint compounds was achieved. These very encouraging promising results demonstrate the potential of this UV-TiO2 photocatalytic reactor for water treatment in fish rearing systems and other applications.