Fatigue Life Assessment and Static Testing of Structural GFRP Tubes Based on Coupon Tests

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) hollow tubes are used in structural applications, such as utility poles and pipelines. Concrete-filled FRP tubes (CFFTs) are also used as piles and bridge piers. Applications such as poles and marine piles are typically governed by cyclic bending. In this paper, the fatigue behavior of glass-FRP filament-wound tubes is studied using coupons cut from the tubes. Several coupon configurations were first examined in 24 tension and five compression monotonic loading tests. Fatigue tests were then conducted on 81 coupons to examine several parameters; namely, loading frequency as well as maximum-to-ultimate (max ult) and minimum-to-maximum (min max) stress ratios, including tension tension and tension compression, to simulate reversed bending. The study demonstrated the sensitivity of test results and failure mode to coupon configuration. The presence of compression loads reduced fatigue life, while increasing load frequency increased fatigue life. Stiffness degradation behavior was also established. To achieve at least one million cycles, it is recommended to limit (max ult) to 0.25. Models were used to simulate stiffness degradation and fatigue life curve of the tube. Fatigue life predictions of large CFFT beams showed good correlation with experimental results. © 2008 ASCE.

Fatigue behavior of laser-welded NiTi wires in small-strain cyclic bending

NiTi wires and their weldments are commonly used in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), and in such applications, cyclic loading are commonly encountered. In this paper, the bending-rotation fatigue (BRF) test was used to study the bending fatigue behavior of NiTi wire laser weldment in the small-strain regime. The fracture mechanism, which includes crack initiation, crack growth and propagation of the weldment in the BRF test, was investigated with the aid of SEM fractography and discussed in terms of the microstructure. It was found that crack initiation was primarily surface-condition dependent. The cracks were found to initiate at the surface defects at the weld zone (WZ) surface, and the crack propagation was assisted by the gas inclusions in the WZ. The weldment was finally fractured in a ductile manner. The fatigue life was found to decrease with increasing surface strain and also with increasing bending frequency (controlled by the rotational speed in the BRF test). In comparison, the fatigue life of the unwelded NiTi wires was higher than their welded counterparts at all strain levels and bending frequencies. The decrease in fatigue resistance of the weldment could be attributed to the surface and microstructural defects introduced during laser welding.

Constitutive model for localized Lüders-like stress-induced martensitic transformation and super-elastic behaviors of laser-welded NiTi wires

The application of the shape memory alloy NiTi in micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMSs) is extensive nowadays. In MEMS, complex while precise motion control is always vital. This makes the degradation of the functional properties of NiTi during cycling loading such as the appearance of residual strain become a serious problem to study, in particular for laser micro-welded NiTi in real applications. Although many experimental efforts have been put to study the mechanical properties of laser welded NiTi, surprisingly, up to the best of our understanding, there has not been attempts to quantitatively model the laser-welded NiTi under mechanical cycling in spite of the accurate prediction required in applications and the large number of constitutive models to quantify the thermo-mechanical behavior of shape memory alloys. As the first attempt to fill the gap, we employ a recent constitutive model, which describes the localized SIMT in NiTi under cyclic deformation; with suitable modifications to model the mechanical behavior of the laser welded NiTi under cyclic tension. The simulation of the model on a range of tensile cyclic deformation is consistent with the results of a series of experiments. From this, we conclude that the plastic deformation localized in the welded regions (WZ and HAZs) of the NiTi weldment can explain most of the extra amount of residual strain appearing in welded NiTi compared to the bare one. Meanwhile, contrary to common belief, we find that the ability of the weldment to memorize its transformation history, sometimes known as ‘return point memory’, still remains unchanged basically though the effective working limit of this ability reduces to within 6% deformation.

1-D constitutive model for evolution of stress-induced R-phase and localized Lüders-like stress-induced martensitic transformation of super-elastic NiTi wires

NiTi alloys have been widely used in the applications for micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS), which often involve some precise and complex motion control. However, when using the NiTi alloys in MEMS application, the main problem to be considered is the degradation of functional property during cycling loading. This also stresses the importance of accurate prediction of the functional behavior of NiTi alloys. In the last two decades, a large number of constitutive models have been proposed to achieve the task. A portion of them focused on the deformation behavior of NiTi alloys under cyclic loading, which is a practical and non-negligible situation. Despite of the scale of modeling studies of the field in NiTi alloys, two experimental observations under uniaxial tension loading have not received proper attentions. First, a deviation from linearity well before the stress-induced martensitic transformation (SIMT) has not been modeled. Recent experiments confirmed that it is caused by the formation of stress-induced R phase. Second, the influence of the well-known localized Lüders-like SIMT on the macroscopic behavior of NiTi alloys, in particular the residual strain during cyclic loading, has not been addressed. In response, we develop a 1-D phenomenological constitutive model for NiTi alloys with two novel features: the formation of stress-induced R phase and the explicit modeling of the localized Lüders-like SIMT. The derived constitutive relations are simple and at the same time sufficient to describe the behavior of NiTi alloys. The accumulation of residual strain caused by R phase under different loading schemes is accurately described by the proposed model. Also, the residual strain caused by irreversible SIMT at different maximum loading strain under cyclic tension loading in individual samples can be explained by and fitted into a single equation in the proposed model. These results show that the proposed model successfully captures the behavior of R phase and the essence of localized SIMT.

Experimental and numerical studies on rock breaking with TBM tools under high stress confinement

The understanding of rock breaking and chipping due to the TBM cutter disks mechanism in deep tunnels is considered in this paper. The interest stems from the use of TBMs for the excavation of long Trans-Alpine tunnels. Some tests that simulate the disk cutter action at the tunnel face by means of an indenter, acting on a rock specimen are proposed. The rock specimen is confined through a flat-jack and a confinement-free area on one side of the specimen simulates the formation of a groove near the indenter, like it occurs in TBM excavation conditions. Results show a limited influence of the confinement stress versus the thrust increment required for breaking the rock between the indenter and the free side of the specimen. Numerical modelling of the cutter disk action on confined material has also been carried out in order to investigate further aspects of the fracture initiation. Also in this case the importance of the relative position between disk cutter and groove is pointed out. © 2006 Springer-Verlag.

Laboratory tests to study the influence of rock stress confinement on the performances of TBM discs in tunnels

To clarify some aspects of rock destruction with a disc acting on a high confined tunnel face, a series of tests were carried out to examine fracture mechanisms under an indenter that simulates the tunnel boring machine (TBM) tool action, in the presence of an adjacent groove, when a state of stress (lateral confinement) is imposed on a rock sample. These tests proved the importance of carefully establishing the optimal distance of grooves produced by discs acting on a confined surface, and the value (as a mere order of magnitude) of the increase of the thrust to produce the initiation of chip formation, as long as the confinement pressure becomes greater. © University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011.

Corrosion resistant fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement for bridge deck slabs

This paper discusses the beneficial influence of compressive membrane action in fibre reinforced polymer (FRP)reinforced in-plane restrained slabs in bridge deck slabs and the improved service performance when archingaction occurs. Bridge deck slabs that are exposed to extreme environmental conditions can experience severecorrosion damage. Expansive corrosion in steel reinforcement significantly reduces the design life and durabilityof concrete structures; for example, on one short section of the M1 in Northern Ireland, nearly £1 million was spent last year on the maintenance and repair of bridges due to corrosion. Corrosion-resistant compositereinforcement such as basalt fibre reinforced polymer (BFRP) and glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) provides adurable alternative to reinforcing steel. In this research, two BFRP reinforced slabs and two GFRP reinforced slabswere constructed using high-strength concrete with a target cube compressive strength of 65 N/mm2. The slabsrepresented typical full-scale dimensions of a real bridge deck slab 475 mm wide by 1425 mm long and 150 mmdeep. The service and ultimate behaviour of the slabs are discussed and the results are compared with the relevantdesign guidelines.

A device to investigate the axial strain dependence of the critical current density in superconductors

We have developed an instrument to study the behavior of the critical current density (J(c)) in superconducting wires and tapes as a function of field (mu(0)H), temperature (T), and axial applied strain (epsilon(a)). The apparatus is an improvement of similar devices that have been successfully used in our institute for over a decade. It encompasses specific advantages such as a simple sample layout, a well defined and homogeneous strain application, the possibility of investigating large compressive strains and the option of simple temperature variation, while improving the main drawback in our previous systems by increasing the investigated sample length by approximately a factor of 10. The increase in length is achieved via a design change from a straight beam section to an initially curved beam, placed perpendicular to the applied field axis in the limited diameter of a high field magnet bore. This article describes in detail the mechanical design of the device and its calibrations. Additionally initial J(c)(epsilon(a)) data, measured at liquid helium temperature, are presented for a bronze processed and for a powder-in-tube Nb3Sn superconducting wire. Comparisons are made with earlier characterizations, indicating consistent behavior of the instrument. The improved voltage resolution, resulting from the increased sample length, enables J(c) determinations at an electric field criterion E-c=10 muV/m, which is substantially lower than a criterion of E-c=100 muV/m which was possible in our previous systems. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics.

Evaluation of Cyclic Deformation Behavior of Laser-welded Shape Memory NiTi Alloys at Different Working Temperatures

Post-weld heat-treatment (PWHT) has been established as one of the cost-effective ways to improve the functional properties, namely shape memory and super-elastic effects (SME and SE), of laser-welded NiTi alloys. However, the functional performance of the laser-welded joint at different working temperatures has not been explored yet. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of different working temperatures on the functional properties of the laser-welded NiTi alloys before and after PWHT by applying cyclic deformation tests. Two laser-welded samples: as-welded and heat-treated sample (after PWHT at 350 oC or 623 K) were tested in this work at room temperature, 50 oC (or 323 K) and 75 oC (or 348 K) respectively. The samples were cyclically loaded and unloaded for 10 cycles up to 4 % strain. The critical stress to induce the martensitic transformation and the residual strain after the cyclic tests were recorded. The results indicate that the heat-treated sample exhibited better functional properties than the as-welded sample at room temperature and 50 oC (or 323 K). However, both the as-welded and heat-treated samples failed in the cyclic tests at 75 oC (or 348 K). These findings are important to determine the feasible working temperature range for the laser-welded NiTi components to exhibit desirable functional properties in engineering applications involving cyclic loading.

Analysis of deformation behavior and workability of advanced 9Cr-Nb-V ferritic heat resistant steels

Hot compression tests were carried out on 9Cr–Nb–V heat resistant steels in the temperature range of 600–1200 °C and the strain rate range of 10−2–100 s−1 to study their deformation characteristics. The full recrystallization temperature and the carbon-free bainite phase transformation temperature were determined by the slope-change points in the curve of mean flow stress versus the inverse of temperature. The parameters of the constitutive equation for the experimental steels were calculated, including the stress exponent and the activation energy. The lower carbon content in steel would increase the fraction of precipitates by increasing the volume of dynamic strain-induced (DSIT) ferrite during deformation. The ln(εc) versus ln(Z) and the ln(σc) versus ln(Z) plots for both steels have similar trends. The efficiency of power dissipation maps with instability maps merged together show excellent workability from the strain of 0.05 to 0.6. The microstructure of the experimental steels was fully recrystallized upon deformation at low Z value owing to the dynamic recrystallization (DRX), and exhibited a necklace structure under the condition of 1050 °C/0.1 s−1 due to the suppression of the secondary flow of DRX. However, there were barely any DRX grains but elongated pancake grains under the condition of 1000 °C/1 s−1 because of the suppression of the metadynamic recrystallization (MDRX).

Stress and Strain Distributions During Compressive Deformation of Titanium Alloy Affected by Microstructure

In the research of the microstructural influence on dynamic compression, an assumption that the α and the β phases in titanium alloys were linearly strengthened was proposed, and a two-dimensional model using ANSYS (ANSYS, Inc., Canonsburg, PA) focusing on the role of microgeometrical structure was developed. By comparing the stress and strain distributions of different microstructures, the roles of cracks and phase boundaries in titanium compression were studied.

Finite element modelling of FRP-to-concrete bond behaviour using the concrete damage plasticity theory combined with a plastic degradation model

The technique of externally bonding fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites has been becoming popular worldwide for retrofitting existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures. A major failure mode in such strengthened structures is the debonding of FRP from the concrete substrate. The bond behaviour between FRP and concrete thus plays a crucial role in these structures. The FRP-to-concrete bond behaviour has been extensively investigated experimentally, commonly using the pull-off test of FRP-to-concrete bonded joint. Comparatively, much less research has been concerned with the numerical simulation of this bond behaviour, chiefly due to difficulties in accurately modelling the complex behaviour of concrete. This paper proposes a robust finite element (FE) model for simulating the bond behaviour in the entire loading process in the pull-off test. A concrete damage plasticity model based on the plastic degradation theory is proposed to overcome the weakness of the elastic degradation theory which has been commonly adopted in previous studies. The model produces results in very close agreement with test data. © Tsinghua University Press, Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011.

抗剪加固FRP与混凝土界面粘结性能的试验研究

In this study, 21 small beam specimens with a pre-set through-crack were tested with FRP strips bonded to the sides to study the bond behavior between shear-strengthening FRP and concrete (referred to as "the interface" for simplicity hereafter). The test parameters included the bond length, width, thickness of FRP strip and the angle between fiber orientation and crack opening direction (referred to as "fiber tensile angle" θ hereafter) on the bond behavior of the interface. Test results showed that: 1) the small beam test setup with a pre-set crack is suitable for studying the bond behavior between FRP and concrete; 2) the bond length, width, and thickness of the FRP as well as the fiber angle have significant effects on the bond strength; 3) the distribution of FRP strains along the direction perpendicular to the fiber orientation (FRP width direction) is non-uniform; this is mainly attributed to the progressive debonding of the FRP strips in the width direction, with the FRP at the location of larger crack width debonding earlier.

Mitigation of concrete cover separation in frpstrengthened RC beams using FRP U-jackets

Concrete cover separation is a common failure mode of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with a fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) plate bonded to the tension face (FRP-plated RC beams). Plate-end FRP U-jackets have previously been explored as a mitigation measure to delay or suppress concrete cover separation, although its effectiveness needs further clarification. The paper presents the first systemic experimental study on the use of FRP U-jackets of different forms for mitigating the concrete cover separation failure. A total of ten full-scale FRP-plated RC beams were tested. The test results show that both the ultimate load and the ductility of the beams were enhanced by the U-jackets. Among the forms of U-jackets explored, those inclined at 45o are the most effective.