STUDYING THE MIGRATORY BEHAVIOR OF INDIVIDUAL BATS: CURRENT TECHNIQUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Migrating bats are among the most poorly understood of migratory taxa, with relatively little information available on their behavior and ecology during migration compared to other taxa. This arises because of the

Validation of Speciation Techniques: A Study of Chlorozincate(II) Ionic Liquids

The speciation of chlorozincate(II) ionic liquids, prepared by mixing 1-octyl-3-methylirnidazolium chloride, [C(8)mim]Cl, and zinc(II) chloride in various molar ratios, chi zncl(2), was investigated using Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry; the Gutmann acceptor number, which is a quantitative measure of Lewis acidity, was also determined as a function of the composition. These results were combined with literature data to define the anionic speciation; in the neat liquid phase, the existence of cl(-), [ZnCl4](2-), [Zn2Cl6](2-), [Zn3Cl8](2-), and [Zn4Cl10](2-) anions was confirmed. From two chlorozincate(H) ionic liquids with [C(2)mim](+) cations (chi zncl(2) = 0.33 and chi zncl(2) = 0.50), crystals have been obtained, revealing the structures of [C(2)mim)(2)[ZnCl4] and [C(2)mim](2)[Zn2Cl6] forming three-dimensional hydrogen-bond networks. The compound [C(2)mim](2){Zn4Cl10} was crystallized from the chi zncl(1) = 0.75 composition, showing an open-framework structure, with the first example of zinc in a trigonal-bipyramidal chloride coordination. Reinvestigation of the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of these systems demonstrated that it is an unreliable technique to study liquid-phase speciation.

The Implications of Bach's Introduction of New Fugal Techniques and Procedures in the Well-Tempered Clavier Book Two

Among the fugues of the WTC II, there are some fugal techniques and procedures that were not explored in the first book. Here, the ‘fugal techniques’ include parallel entries (as used in the fugues in D-sharp minor, G minor and B-flat minor) and double counterpoint at the tenth or twelfth as well as fifteenth (as used in the fugues in G minor and B major). The ‘fugal procedures’, on the other hand, refer to meticulously planned multi-exposition architecture (as seen in the fugues in F-sharp minor exploiting two subsidiary subjects, and B-flat minor exploiting inversion and stretto) and a form in which the appearance of the subsidiary subject is gradually predicted in the fugal discourse (viz. C-sharp minor, G-sharp minor and B major). All these new ideas helped Bach to write more dramatic, more profound fugues for WTC II. The paper will consider how Bach came to acquire the new techniques and to use them in such ways, and what motivated him to adopt these new compositional approaches. Do they offer any clues for our better understanding of why Bach compiled the WTC II?