Effect of defects on optical phonon Raman spectra in SiC nanorods

Fabricated one-dimensional (1D) materials often have abundant structural defects. Experimental observation and numerical calculation indicate that the broken translation symmetry due to structural defects may play a more important role than the quantum confinement effect in the Raman features of optical phonons in polar semiconductor quantum wires such as SiC nanorods, (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of pH on the in vitro susceptibility of planktonic and biofilm-grown Proteus mirabilis to the quinolone antimicrobials

To examine the effect of elevated pH, as reported during urinary catheter infections, on quinolone activity against the urease-producing pathogen Proteus mirabilis.

Effect of acarbose on biochemical responses and clinical symptoms in dumping syndrome

A dose of 50 mg of acarbose was administered with a standard breakfast to 13 subjects with dumping syndrome. Significant attenuation of hyperglycaemia (p less than 0.01) was observed, and rises in plasma gastric inhibitory polypeptide, insulin and enteroglycagon were reduced (p less than 0.05). Plasma levels of neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and somatostatin were not affected. Dumping score was reduced, but this did not achieve statistical significance. In a longer-term study, 9 patients took acarbose, 50 mg t.i.d., for 1 month. No significant reduction in the number or severity of dumping attacks was observed, but a majority expressed a preference for the drug and some individuals experienced a marked improvement of symptoms.

In situ FTIR studies of the effect of temperature on the adsorption and electrooxidation of CO at the Ru(0001) electrode surface

The adsorption and electrooxidation of CO at a Ru(0001) electrode in perchloric acid solution have been investigated as a function of temperature, potential and time using in situ FTIR spectroscopy. This builds upon and extends previous work on the same system carried out at room temperature. As was observed at room temperature, both linear (CO) and 3-fold-hollow (CO) binding CO adsorbates (bands at 2000-2045 cm and 1768-1805 cm, respectively) were detected on the Ru(0001) electrode at 10°C and 50°C. However, the temperature of the Ru(0001) electrode had a significant effect upon the structure and behavior of the CO adlayer. At 10°C, the in-situ FTIR data showed that the adsorbed CO species still remain in rather compact islands up to ca. 1100 mV vs Ag/AgCl as the CO oxidation reaction proceeds, with oxidation occurring only at the boundaries between the CO and active surface oxide/hydroxide domains. However, the IR data collected at 50°C strongly suggest that the adsorbed CO species are present as relatively looser and weaker structures, which are more easily electro-oxidized. The temperature-, potential-, and coverage-dependent relaxation and compression of the CO adlayer at low coverages are also discussed.

In situ FTIR studies on the effect of temperature on the electro-oxidation of small organic molecules at the Ru(0001) electrode

The adsorption and electro-oxidation of formaldehyde, formic acid and methanol at the Ru(0001) electrode in perchloric acid solution have been studied as a function of temperature, potential and time using in situ FTIR spectroscopy, and the results interpreted in terms of the surface chemistry of the Ru(0001) electrode and compared to those obtained during our previous studies on the adsorption of CO under the same conditions. It was found that no dissociative adsorption or electro-oxidation of methanol takes place at Ru(0001) at potentials 1000 mV, both the oxidation of formic acid to CO and the oxidation of formaldehyde to both CO and formic acid were significantly increased, and the oxidation of methanol to CO and methyl formate was observed, all of which were attributed to the formation of an active RuO phase on the Ru(0001) surface.

Effect of diet on vascular health

Summary Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world in older people. Diet and lifestyle change can reduce CVD risk in older people, and this evidence base is reviewed. For example, diets low in trans fats can reduce CVD risk, while for saturated fats the CVD-lowering effect depends on what is substituted for the saturated fat. Diets rich in fish reduce CVD risk, although n-3 supplements have not been shown to have a consistent effect on CVD end-points. Antioxidant and B-group vitamin supplementation are unlikely to reduce CVD risk, but diets rich in these micronutrients (e.g. rich in fruits and vegetables and the Mediterranean diet) are associated with lower CVD risk, while, for the Mediterranean diet, this has been supported by randomized controlled trials. Maintaining a healthy weight and being physically active reduce CVD risk factors and CVD incidence and mortality. © 2013 Cambridge University Press.

The effect of choice on motivation for young children on the autism spectrum during discrete trial teaching

Self-determination and decision-making are acknowledged internationally as key rights of persons with disabilities and should play an important role in the development of educational plans and procedures. Not only is the chance for individuals with developmental disabilities to select their own tasks, leisure activities or reinforcers a valuable way of enhancing rights-based education and personal dignity, but choice-making opportunities may also function as a useful clinical or educational tool if they actually improve the efficacy of programmes aimed at the acquisition of socially relevant behaviours and life skills or the reduction of challenging behaviours.

The study reported here assessed whether or not choice affected effectiveness of an educational procedure for three children on the autism spectrum. Following a preference assessment, a number of discrete teaching trials were conducted with each child and, contingent upon targeted responses, either the child or the therapist selected one of three preferred reinforcer items. Reinforcer choice did not affect intervention effectiveness for two of the children; however, performance and motivation improved for the third child. Results re-affirmed the importance of thorough preference assessments prior to intervention and showed that additional stimulus choice contingent on the target response may improve motivation and outcomes for some children.

Investigating the promotional effect of methanol on the low temperature SCR reaction on Ag/Al2O3

Methanol has been shown to promote the hydrocarbon selective catalytic reduction of NO with octane and toluene over 2wt% Ag/AlO catalyst for the first time. In order to understand its role in the reaction fast transient kinetic methods and in situ DRIFTS analysis have been used. The catalytic activity tests showed that the addition of methanol to the HC-SCR reaction results in a significant improvement in the low temperature activity of a Ag/AlO catalyst, despite the fact that methanol on its own is not reactive for the HC-SCR reaction. This promotional effect of methanol is dependent on the concentration of added methanol and is not necessarily associated with a higher concentration of reductant in the SCR feed. The fast transient kinetic analysis has shown that at each temperature the addition of methanol enhances the conversions of both NO and octane and the production of N with high selectivity in comparison with those observed with n-octane or toluene alone. This phenomenon is similar to the effect of H which may be associated with the release of hydrogen and ammonia during the transient switches at 250 and 300°C. Together with the fast transient experiments, the DRIFTS results showed that NCO species are formed when introducing methanol to the n-octane-SCR feed while CN species are removed/consumed from the surfaces of the Ag catalyst. These NCO species formed by adding methanol may play a vital role in promoting the catalytic activity of NO reduction and methanol itself can be an in situ source for hydrogen formation, which subsequently enhances the SCR reaction. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.

Effect of Nanosilica on Rheology, Fresh Properties, and Strength of Cement-Based Grouts

The effect of colloidal nanosilica on the fresh and rheological parameters, plastic shrinkage, heat of hydration, and compressive strength of cement-based grouts is investigated in this paper. The fresh and rheological properties were evaluated by the minislump flow, Marsh cone flow time, Lombardi plate cohesion meter, yield value, and plastic viscosity. The key parameters investigated were the dosages of nanosilica and superplasticizer and temperature of mixing water. Statistical models and isoresponse curves were developed to capture the significant trends. The dosage of nanosilica had a significant effect on the results. The increase in the dosage of nanosilica led to increasing the values of flow time, plate cohesion meter, yield stress, plastic viscosity, heat of hydration at 1 day and 3 days, and compressive strength at 1 day, while reducing the minislump, plastic shrinkage up 24 h, and compressive strength at 3, 7, and 28 days. Conversely, the increase in the dosage of superplasticizer led to decreasing the values of flow time, plate cohesion meter, yield stress, plastic viscosity, heat of hydration at 1 day and 3 days, and compressive strength at 1 day, while increasing the minislump, plastic shrinkage, and compressive strength at 3 and 7 days. Increasing the temperature of mixing water led to a notable increase in the results of minislump, flow time, plastic viscosity, heat of hydration at 3 days, and compressive strength at 1 day, while it reduced the plate cohesion, compressive strength at 3, 7, and 28 days. The statistical models developed in this study can facilitate optimizing the mixture proportions of grouts for target performance by reducing the number of trial batches needed.

Effect of fretting on fatigue performance of Ti-1023 titanium alloy

The plain fatigue and fretting fatigue tests of Ti-1023 titanium alloy were performed using a high-frequency push-pull fatigue testing machine. Both σmax versus number of cycles to failure curves were obtained for comparative analysis of the fretting effect on fatigue performance of the titanium alloy. Meanwhile, by analyzing the fracture of plain fatigue and fretting fatigue, the fretting scar and the fretting debris observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the mechanism of fretting fatigue failure of Ti-1023 titanium alloy is discussed. The fretting fatigue strength of Ti-1023 titanium alloy is 175 MPa under 10 MPa contact pressure, which is 21% of plain fatigue strength (836 MPa). Under fretting condition, the Ti-1023 titanium alloy fatigue fracture failure occurs in a shorter fatigue life. When it comes to σmax versus number of cycles to failure curves, data points in the range of 106–107 cycles under plain fatigue condition moved to the range of 105–106 under fretting fatigue condition. The integrity of the fatigue specimen surface was seriously damaged under the effect of fretting. With the alternating stress loaded on specimen, the stress concentrated on the surface of fretting area, which brought earlier the initiation and propagation of crack.