Adsorption and aggregation properties of norovirus GI and GII virus-like particles demonstrate differing responses to solution chemistry

The transport properties (adsorption and aggregation behavior) of virus-like particles (VLPs) of two strains of norovirus ("Norwalk" GI.1 and "Houston" GII.4) were studied in a variety of solution chemistries. GI.1 and GII.4 VLPs were found to be stable against aggregation at pH 4.0-8.0. At pH 9.0, GI.1 VLPs rapidly disintegrated. The attachment efficiencies (a) of GI.1 and GII.4 VLPs to silica increased with increasing ionic strength in NaCl solutions at pH 8.0. The attachment efficiency of GI.1 VLPs decreased as pH was increased above the isoelectric point (pH 5.0), whereas at and below the isoelectric point, the attachment efficiency was erratic. Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) dramatically increased the attachment efficiencies of GI.1 and GII.4 VLPs, which may be due to specific interactions with the VLP capsids. Bicarbonate decreased attachment efficiencies for both GI.1 and GII.4 VLPs, whereas phosphate decreased the attachment efficiency of GI.1, while increasing GII.4 attachment efficiency. The observed differences in GI.1 and GII.4 VLP attachment efficiencies in response to solution chemistry may be attributed to differential responses of the unique arrangement of exposed amino acid residues on the capsid surface of each VLP strain.

Inorganic species of arsenic in soil solution determined by microcartridges and ferrihydrite-based diffusive gradient in thin films

The bioavailability of soil arsenic (As) is determined by its speciation in soil solution, i.e., arsenite [As(III)] or arsenate [As(V)]. Soil bioavailability studies require suitable methods to cope with small volumes of soil solution that can be speciated directly after sampling, and thereby minimise any As speciation change during sample collection. In this study, we tested a self-made microcartridge to separate both As species and compared it to a commercially available cartridge. In addition, the diffusive gradient in thin films technique (DGT), in combination with the microcartridges, was applied to synthetic solutions and to a soil spiked with As. This combination was used to improve the assessment of available inorganic As species with ferrihydrite(FH)-DGT, in order to validate the technique for environmental analysis, mainly in soils. The self-made microcartridge was effective in separating As(III) from As(V) in solution with detection by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) in volumes of only 3 ml. The DGT study also showed that the FH-based binding gels are effective for As(III) and As(V) assessment, in solutions with As and P concentrations and ionic strength commonly found in soils. The FH-DGT was tested on flooded and unflooded As spiked soils and recoveries of As(III) and As(V) were 85–104% of the total dissolved As. This study shows that the DGT with FH-based binding gel is robust for assessing inorganic species of As in soils.

One-Pot, High-Yield Synthesis of Convex Au Octahedra by H2O2 - Mediated Process In Solution Phase

A simple, non-seeding and high-yield synthesis of convex gold octahedra with size of ca. 50 nm in aqueous solution is described. The octahedral nanoparticles were systematically prepared by reduction of HAuCl4 using ascorbic acid (AA) in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as the stabilizing surfactant while concentrations of Au3+ were fixed. The synthesizing process is especially different to other wet synthesis of metallic nanoparticles because it is mediated by H2O2. Mechanism of the H2O2 – mediated process will be described in details. The gold octahedra were shown to be single crystals with all 8 faces belonging to {111} family. Moreover, the single crystalline particles also showed attractive optical properties towards LSPR that should find uses as labels for microscopic imaging, materials for colorimetric biosensings, or nanosensor developments.

Susceptibility to environmentally induced cracking of laser-welded NiTi wires in Hanks’ solution at open-circuit potential

In the present study the tensile and super-elastic behaviours of laser-welded NiTi wires in Hanks’ solution at open-circuit potential (OCP) were investigated using tensile and cyclic slow-strain-rate tests (SSRT). In comparison with NiTi weldment tested in oil (non-corrosive environment), the weldment in Hanks’ solution suffered from obvious degradation in the tensile properties as evidenced by lower tensile strength, reduced maximum elongation, and a brittle fracture mode. Moreover, a larger residual strain was observed in the weldment after stress–strain cycles in Hanks’ solution. In addition to the microstructural defects resulting from the welding process, the inferior tensile and super-elastic behaviours of the NiTi weldment in Hanks’ solution could be attributed to the trapping of a large amount of hydrogen in the weld zone and heat-affected zone.

Susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking of NiTi laser weldment in Hanks’ solution

In this study, the susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of laser-welded NiTi wires in Hanks’ solution at 37.5 °C was studied by the slow strain-rate test (SSRT) at open-circuit potential and at different applied anodic potentials. The weldment shows high susceptibility to SCC when the applied potential is near to the pitting potential of the heat-affected zone (HAZ). The pits formed in the HAZ become sites of crack initiation when stress is applied, and cracks propagate in an intergranular mode under the combined effect of corrosion and stress. In contrast, the base-metal is immune to SCC under similar conditions. The increase in susceptibility to SCC in the weldment could be attributed to the poor corrosion resistance in the coarse-grained HAZ.

A low-cost solution for the restoration of femoral head centre during total hip arthroplasty

Restoration of joint centre during total hip arthroplasty is critical. While computer-aided navigation can improve accuracy during total hip arthroplasty, its expense makes it inaccessible to the majority of surgeons. This article evaluates the use, in the laboratory, of a calliper with a simple computer application to measure changes in femoral head centres during total hip arthroplasty. The computer application was designed using Microsoft Excel and used calliper measurements taken pre- and post-femoral head resection to predict the change in head centre in terms of offset and vertical height between the femoral head and newly inserted prosthesis. Its accuracy was assessed using a coordinate measuring machine to compare changes in preoperative and post-operative head centre when simulating stem insertion on 10 sawbone femurs. A femoral stem with a modular neck was used, which meant nine possible head centre configurations were available for each femur, giving 90 results. The results show that using this technique during a simulated total hip arthroplasty, it was possible to restore femoral head centre to within 6?mm for offset (mean 1.67?±?1.16?mm) and vertical height (mean 2.14?±?1.51?mm). It is intended that this low-cost technique be extended to inform the surgeon of a best-fit solution in terms of neck length and neck type for a specific prosthesis.

‘The “English Disease” is to Look for a “Solution of the Irish Problem”’: British Constitutional Policy in Northern Ireland after Sunningdale 1974–1976

This article reconstructs British constitutional policy in Northern Ireland after power-sharing collapsed in May 1974. Over the following two years, the British government publicly emphasised that Northern Ireland would decide its own future, but ministers secretly considered a range of options including withdrawal, integration and Dominion status. These discussions have been fundamentally misunderstood by previous authors, and this article shows that Harold Wilson did not seriously advocate withdrawal nor was policy as inconsistent as argued elsewhere. An historical approach, drawing from recently released archival material, shows that consociationalists such as Brendan O'Leary and Michael Kerr have neglected the proper context of government policy because of their commitment to a particular form of government, failing to recognise the constraints under which ministers operated. The British government remained committed to an internal devolved settlement including both communities but was unable to impose one.

In situ FTIRS investigations of surface processes of Rh electrode - Novel observation of geminal adsorbates of carbon monoxide on Rh electrode in acid solution

With the help of in situ multi-step FTIR Spectroscopy, two types of adsorbed geminal CO have been observed for the first time at an electrochemically modified Rh electrode. A doublet band of two broad peaks at 2166 and 2112cm is assigned to geminal CO on Rh surface oxide (or hydroxide) produced by the electrochemical modification process, and a doublet band of two peaks near 2103 and 2033cm is ascribed to geminal CO on surface clusters of Rh formed by reduction of Rh surface oxide. Based on the evolution of FTIR spectra with the electrode potential, the surface processes of a Rh electrode, subjected to a potential cycling treatment at 1.5Vs between -0.275 and 2.4V for 2min, have been elucidated. The present results at the solid/liquid electrochemical interface were compared with those obtained at the solid/gas interface, and consistent conclusions were achieved.

Fluid Shear Induces Conformation Change in Human Blood Protein von Willebrand Factor in Solution

Many of the physiological functions of von Willebrand Factor (VWF), including its binding interaction with blood platelets, are regulated by the magnitude of applied fluid/hydrodynamic stress. We applied two complementary strategies to study the effect of fluid forces on the solution structure of VWF. First, small-angle neutron scattering was used to measure protein conformation changes in response to laminar shear rates (G) up to 3000/s. Here, purified VWF was sheared in a quartz Couette cell and protein conformation was measured in real time over length scales from 2-140 nm. Second, changes in VWF structure up to 9600/s were quantified by measuring the binding of a fluorescent probe 1,1'-bis(anilino)-4-,4'-bis(naphtalene)-8,8'-disulfonate (bis-ANS) to hydrophobic pockets exposed in the sheared protein. Small angle neutron scattering studies, coupled with quantitative modeling, showed that VWF undergoes structural changes at G < 3000/s. These changes were most prominent at length scales <10 nm (scattering vector (q) range >0.6/nm). A mathematical model attributes these changes to the rearrangement of domain level features within the globular section of the protein. Studies with bis-ANS demonstrated marked increase in bis-ANS binding at G > 2300/s. Together, the data suggest that local rearrangements at the domain level may precede changes at larger-length scales that accompany exposure of protein hydrophobic pockets. Changes in VWF conformation reported here likely regulate protein function in response to fluid shear.

Homologous size-extension of hybrid vanadate capsules – solid state structures, solution stability and surface deposition

The dimensions and cavity sizes of the molecular capsules with the general formula [V₁₀O₁₈L₄]¹⁰⁻ can be controlled modularly through the nature of the bifunctional, rigid organophosphonate ligands L¹ and L² (L¹ = bis(4-phosphonatophenyl)ethyne and L² = bis(4-phosphonatophenyl)butadiyne); the solution stability of the molecular entities as demonstrated by ESI-MS studies permits their assembly on the Au(111) surface on a sub-monolayer scale giving rise to a 2D supramolecular structure that is comparable to the packing arrangements of the capsules in the crystal structures.

Removal of ortho-phosphate from aqueous solution by adsorption onto dolomite

An experimental study on the adsorption of phosphate onto cost effective fine dolomite powder is presented. The effect of solution pH, solution ionic strength and adsorption isotherm were examined. The adsorption of phosphate was pH dependent and phosphate adsorption favoured acidic conditions. The adsorption was significantly influenced by solution ionic strength indicating outer-sphere complexation reactions. The experimental data further indicated that the removal of phosphate increased with increase in the ionic strength of solution. The experimental data were modelled with different isotherms: Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich–Peterson isotherms. It was found that the Redlich–Peterson isotherm depicted the equilibrium data most accurately. The overall kinetic data fitted very well the pseudo-first-order rate model.

Hand Washing: What is the solution?

Patients in perioperative healthcare settings are at risk of acquiring or developing infections because of the performance of invasive procedures. Serious life threatening infections can arise when micro-organisms are transmitted onto susceptible sites, such as: surgical wounds or intravascular cannulation sites. Infection control practices help to protect patients and healthcare providers by reducing and/or eliminating sources of infection.