Solubility parameter based screening methods for early stage formulation development of itraconazole amorphous solid dispersions

Objectives: This article uses conventional and newly extended solubility parameter (δ) methods to identify polymeric materials capable of forming amorphous dispersions with itraconazole (itz). Methods: Combinations of itz and Soluplus, Eudragit E PO (EPO), Kollidon 17PF (17PF) or Kollidon VA64 (VA64) were prepared as amorphous solid dispersions using quench cooling and hot melt extrusion. Storage stability was evaluated under a range of conditions using differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction. Key findings: The rank order of itz miscibility with polymers using both conventional and novel δ-based approaches was 17PF > VA64 > Soluplus > EPO, and the application of the Flory–Huggins lattice model to itz–excipient binary systems corroborated the findings. The solid-state characterisation analyses of the formulations manufactured by melt extrusion correlated well with pre-formulation screening. Long-term storage studies showed that the physical stability of 17PF/vitamin E TPGS–itz was poor compared with Soluplus and VA64 formulations, and for EPO/itz systems variation in stability may be observed depending on the preparation method. Conclusion: Results have demonstrated that although δ-based screening may be useful in predicting the initial state of amorphous solid dispersions, assessment of the physical behaviour of the formulations at relevant temperatures may be more appropriate for the successful development of commercially acceptable amorphous drug products.

Using Flory-Huggins phase diagrams as a pre-formulation tool for the production of amorphous solid dispersions; a comparison between hot-melt extrusion and spray drying

Objectives: Amorphous drug forms provide a useful method of enhancing the dissolution performance of poorly water-soluble drugs; however, they are inherently unstable. In this article, we have used Flory–Huggins theory to predict drug solubility and miscibility in polymer candidates, and used this information to compare spray drying and melt extrusion as processes to manufacture solid dispersions.
Method:  Solid dispersions were characterised using a combination of thermal (thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry) and spectroscopic (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction methods. 
Key Findings: Spray drying permitted generation of amorphous solid dispersions to be produced across a wider drug concentration than melt extrusion. Melt extrusion provided sufficient energy for more intimate mixing to be achieved between drug and polymer, which may improve physical stability. It was also confirmed that stronger drug–polymer interactions might be generated through melt extrusion. Remixing and dissolution of recrystallised felodipine into the polymeric matrices did occur during the modulated differential scanning calorimetry analysis, but the complementary information provided from FTIR confirms that all freshly prepared spray-dried samples were amorphous with the existence of amorphous drug domains within high drug-loaded samples. 
Conclusion: Using temperature–composition phase diagrams to probe the relevance of temperature and drug composition in specific polymer candidates facilitates polymer screening for the purpose of formulating solid dispersions.

Reconciliation's Contributions to Quality Peace

In this chapter we ask what unique contributions reconciliation can make toward building quality peace. We begin by briefly reviewing some of the diverse approaches to understanding the term reconciliation, and settle on a formulation consistent with the emerging perspective of a quality of peace. We then identify three levels – international, state-citizen, intergroup – at which reconciliation can impact peace. We explore how reconciliation may function at each level and how specific factors may advance a more robust and lasting peace process. We synthesize this analysis by identifying key aspects of reconciliation that advance our understanding of a quality of peace: inclusive participation, balancing symbolic and material actions, integrating psychosocial processes, and emphasizing generational approaches. The chapter concludes with suggestions of possible indicators and future research that may support the links between reconciliation and peace processes.