Veblen's Placebo: A historical perspective on administrative evil

Thorstein Veblen was a turn of the 20th century American economist concerned with the implications of financial capitalists directing the means of production. Veblen proposed that the rationality of "material science" as practiced by the "production engineers" is fundamentally different from the rationality of market capitalism. If this claim is valid, our previous contentions regarding accounting, as a facilitating technology, for administrative evil warrant reconsideration. Veblen's position provides a historical perspective on one dimension of administrative evil that is generally unquestionably accepted, especially within accounting. That is, technology, such as accounting and the related information systems, is amoral, and it is only through ideologically instigated applications that any moral value accrues. We discuss administrative evil and the role of instrumental rationality generally, and accounting specifically, in creating it. Veblen's characterization of financial capitalism and production engineers and his arguments for the primacy of economic efficiency versus "pecuniary gain" provide a basis for evaluating the legitimating action. We consider how Veblen's work relates to notions of instrumental rationality and then undertake a critical assessment of the ideas. Some of Veblen's ideas, while utopian, might be seen as an elixir for the detrimental influences of financial capital; however, at best, they provide a placebo for the ills of administrative evil and, as such, do not provide an amoral basis for legitimating the associated accounting systems.

Gain saturation of the Ni-like X-ray lasers

Driven by a double 75 ps pulse with 2.2 ns separation, saturated operation of nickel-like Ag, In, Sn, and Sm X-ray lasers have been demonstrated with only 75 J drive energy on target. The variation of X-ray laser output with target length is found to fit well to a simple model for an amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) laser including saturation. Small signal gains of similar to 10 cm(-1), effective gain length products of similar to 18, and saturation irradiance of (1-5)x 10(10) W/cm(2) are measured for these lasers using a fitting procedure. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Observation of high transient gain in the germanium x-ray laser at 19.6 nm

The transient-excitation pumping scheme, in which a picosecond duration pulse rapidly heats the plasma preformed by a low-intensity nanosecond pulse, was used to pump the Ne-like germanium, J = 0-1 transition at 19.6 nm. A small-signal gain coefficient of 30 cm(-1) was measured for targets less than or equal to 5 mm long. (C) 1998 Optical Society of America.

High-gain x-ray lasing at 11.1 nm in sodiumlike copper driven by a 20-J, 2-ps Nd:glass laser

Evidence of high gain pumped by recombination has been observed in the 5g-4f transition at 11.1 nn in sodiumlike copper ions with use of a 20-J 2-ps Nd:glass laser system. The time- and space-integrated gain coefficient was 8.8 +/- 1.4 cm(-1), indicating a single-transit amplification of similar to 60 times. This experiment has shown that 2 ps is the optimum pulse duration to drive the sodiumlike copper recombination x-ray lasing at 11.1 nm. (C) 1996 Optical Society of America

Characteristics of rapidly recombining plasmas suitable for high-gain X-ray laser action

Recombining plasmas produced by picosecond laser pulses are characterized by measuring ratio of intensities of resonance lines of H- and He-like ions in the plasmas. It is found that the rapidly recombining plasmas produced by picosecond laser pulses are suitable for high-gain operation.