Topographical optimisation of single-storey non-domestic steel framed buildings using photovoltaic panels for net-zero carbon impact

A methodology is presented that combines a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm and artificial neural networks to optimise single-storey steel commercial buildings for net-zero carbon impact. Both symmetric and asymmetric geometries are considered in conjunction with regulated, unregulated and embodied carbon. Offsetting is achieved through photovoltaic (PV) panels integrated into the roof. Asymmetric geometries can increase the south facing surface area and consequently allow for improved PV energy production. An exemplar carbon and energy breakdown of a retail unit located in Belfast UK with a south facing PV roof is considered. It was found in most cases that regulated energy offsetting can be achieved with symmetric geometries. However, asymmetric geometries were necessary to account for the unregulated and embodied carbon. For buildings where the volume is large due to high eaves, carbon offsetting became increasingly more difficult, and not possible in certain cases. The use of asymmetric geometries was found to allow for lower embodied energy structures with similar carbon performance to symmetrical structures.

Topographical optimisation of single-storey non-domestic steel framed buildings using photovoltaic panels for zero carbon impact

The optimisation is based on a combination of neural networks and evolutionary algorithm. It has selected buildings with different midpoint configurations with zero carbon impacts. With operational energy included the structures could be offset with asymmetry.

Seismic damage detection for a steel braced frame structure

A new approach for global detection of seismic damage in a single-storey steel concentrically braced frame (CBF) structure is presented. The filtered lateral in-plane acceleration response of the CBF structure is integrated twice to provide the lateral in-plane displacement which is used to infer buckling and yielding damage. The level of interstorey drift of the CBF during a seismic excitation allows the yield and buckling of the bracing members to be identified and indirectly detects damage based on exceedance of calculated lateral in-plane displacement limits. A band-pass filter removes noise from the acceleration signal followed by baseline correction being used to reduce the drift in velocity and displacement during numerical integration. This pre-processing results in reliable numerical integration of the frame acceleration that predicts the displacement response accurately when compared to the measured lateral displacement of the CBF structure. Importantly, the structural damage is not assumed through removal of bracing members, rather damage is induced through actual seismic loading. The buckling and yielding displacement threshold limits used to identify damage are demonstrated to accurately identify the initiation of buckling and yielding.

Chloride transport and the resulting corrosion of steel bars in alkali activated slag concretes

As the relative performance of alkali activated slag (AAS) concretes in comparison to Portland cement (PC) counterparts for chloride transport and resulting corrosion of steel bars is not clear, an investigation was carried out and the results are reported in this paper. The effect of alkali concentration and modulus of sodium silicate solution used in AAS was studied. Chloride transport and corrosion properties were assessed with the help of electrical resistivity, non-steady state chloride diffusivity, onset of corrosion, rate of corrosion and pore solution chemistry. It was found that: (i) although chloride content at surface was higher for the AAS concretes, they had lower chloride diffusivity than PC concrete; (ii) pore structure, ionic exchange and interaction effect of hydrates strongly influenced the chloride transport in the AAS concretes; (iii) steel corrosion resistance of the AAS concretes was comparable to that of PC concrete under intermittent chloride ponding regime, with the exception of 6% Na2O and Ms of 1.5; (iv) the corrosion behaviour of the AAS concretes was significantly influenced by ionic exchange, carbonation and sulphide concentration; (v) the increase of alkali concentration of the activator generally increased the resistance of AAS concretes to chloride transport and reduced its resulting corrosion, and a value of 1.5 was found to be an optimum modulus for the activator for improving the chloride transport and the corrosion resistance.

Comparison of optimal designs of steel portal frames including topological asymmetry considering rolled, fabricated and tapered sections

A structural design optimisation has been carried out to allow for asymmetry and fully tapered portal frames. The additional weight of an asymmetric structural shape was found to be on average 5–13% with additional photovoltaic (PV) loading having a negligible effect on the optimum design. It was also shown that fabricated and tapered frames achieved an average percentage weight reduction of 9% and 11%, respectively, as compared to comparable hot-rolled steel frames. When the deflection limits recommended by the Steel Construction Institute were used, frames were shown to be deflection controlled with industrial limits yielding up to 40% saving.

Effect of Single and Double Austenitization heat treatments on the Microstructure and Hardness of AISI D2 Tool Steel

This investigation is concerned with the study of effect of Double Austenitization (DA) and Single Austenitization (SA) heat treatment processes on microstructure and mechanical property of AISI D2type cold worked tool steel. To maximize hardness, tool steels are used in a quenched and tempered condition. This involves heating the material to the austenitizing temperature (∼850−1100 °C), quenching at an appropriate rate to form martensite, and tempering to reduce the retained austenite content and induce toughness. The merits of DA treatment isto promote dissolution of carbides at the same time proscribe grain coarsening significantly was attempted in D2 tool steel. The study has found that DA treatment has induced high hardness with insignificant growth in grains. The increase in hardness is attributed to increase in carbon content in matrix due to dissolution of carbides; whereas finer grains due to role of inclusions.

Effect of Single and Double Austenitization heat treatments on the Microstructure and Hardness of AISI D2 Tool Steel

This investigation is concerned with the study of effect of Double Austenitization (DA) and Single Austenitization (SA) heat treatment processes on microstructure and mechanical property of AISI D2type cold worked tool steel. To maximize hardness, tool steels are used in a quenched and tempered condition. This involves heating the material to the austenitizing temperature (∼850−1100 °C), quenching at an appropriate rate to form martensite, and tempering to reduce the retained austenite content and induce toughness. The merits of DA treatment isto promote dissolution of carbides at the same time proscribe grain coarsening significantly was attempted in D2 tool steel. The study has found that DA treatment has induced high hardness with insignificant growth in grains. The increase in hardness is attributed to increase in carbon content in matrix due to dissolution of carbides; whereas finer grains due to role of inclusions.