Multicomponent kinetic simulation of Bernstein-Greene-Kruskal modes associated with ion acoustic and dust-ion acoustic excitations in electron-ion and dusty plasmas

A series of numerical simulations based on a recurrence-free Vlasov kinetic algorithm presented earlier [Abbasi et al., Phys. Rev. E 84, 036702 (2011)] are reported. Electron-ion plasmas and three-component (electron-ion-dust) dusty, or complex, plasmas are considered, via independent simulations. Considering all plasma components modeled through a kinetic approach, the nonlinear behavior of ionic scale acoustic excitations is investigated. The focus is on Bernstein-Greene-Kruskal (BGK) modes generated during the simulations. In particular, we aim at investigating the parametric dependence of the characteristics of BGK structures, namely of their time periodicity (τ trap) and their amplitude, on the electron-to-ion temperature ratio and on the dust concentration. In electron-ion plasma, an exponential relation between τ trap and the amplitude of BGK modes and the electron-to-ion temperature ratio is observed. It is argued that both characteristics, namely, the periodicity τ trap and amplitude, are also related to the size of the phase-space vortex which is associated with BGK mode creation. In dusty plasmas, BGK modes characteristics appear to depend on the dust particle density linearly

Amplitude modulation of quantum-ion-acoustic wavepackets in electron-positron-ion plasmas: Modulational instability, envelope modes, extreme waves

A semirelativistic fluid model is employed to describe the nonlinear amplitude modulation of low-frequency (ionic scale) electrostatic waves in an unmagnetized electron-positron-ion plasma. Electrons and positrons are assumed to be degenerated and inertialess, whereas ions are warm and classical. A multiscale perturbation method is used to derive a nonlinear Schrödinger equation for the envelope amplitude, based on which the occurrence of modulational instability is investigated in detail. Various types of localized ion acoustic excitations are shown to exist, in the form of either bright type envelope solitons (envelope pulses) or dark-type envelope solitons (voids, holes). The plasma configurational parameters (namely, the relativistic degeneracy parameter, the positron concentration, and the ionic temperature) are shown to affect the conditions for modulational instability significantly, in fact modifying the associated threshold as well as the instability growth rate. In particular, the relativistic degeneracy parameter leads to an enhancement of the modulational instability mechanism. Furthermore, the effect of different relevant plasma parameters on the characteristics (amplitude, width) of these envelope solitary structures is also presented in detail. Finally, the occurrence of extreme amplitude excitation (rogue waves) is also discussed briefly. Our results aim at elucidating the formation and dynamics of nonlinear electrostatic excitations in superdense astrophysical regimes.

MHD wave modes resolved in fine-scale chromospheric magnetic structures

Within the last decade, due to significant improvements in the spatial and temporal resolution of chromospheric data, magneto hydrodynamic (MHD)wave studies in this fascinating region of the Sun's atmosphere have risen to the forefront of solar physics research. In this review we begin by reviewing the challenges and debates that have manifested in relation to MHD wave mode identification in fine-scale chromosphericmagnetic structures, including spicules, fibrils and mottles. Next we goon to discuss how the process of accurately identifying MHD wave modes also has a crucial role to play in estimating their wave energy flux.This is of cardinal importance for estimating what the possible contribution of MHD waves is to solar atmospheric heating. Finally, we detail how such advances in chromospheric MHD wave studies have also allowed us, for the first time, to implement cutting-edge magneto seismological techniques that provide new insight into the sub-resolution plasma structuring of the lower solar atmosphere.

Arsenic-glutathione complexes - Their stability in solution and during separation by different HPLC modes

Complexes of arsenic compounds and glutathione are believed to play an essential part in the metabolism and transport of inorganic arsenic and its methylated species. Up to now, the evidence of their presence is mostly indirect. We studied the stability and Chromatographic behaviour of glutathione complexes with trivalent arsenic: i.e. As^III(GS)₃, MA ^III(GS)₂ and DMA^III(GS) under different conditions. Standard ion chromatography using PRP X-100 and carbonate or formic acid buffer disintegrated the complexes, while all three complexes are stable and separable by reversed phase chromatography (0.1% formic acid/acetonitrile gradient). As^III(GS)₃ and MA^III(GS)₂ were more stable than DMA^III(GS), which even under optimal conditions tended to degrade on the column at 25 °C. Chromatography at 6 °C can retain the integrity of the samples. These results shed more light on the interpretation of a vast number of previously published arsenic speciation studies, which have used Chromatographic separation techniques with the assumption that the integrity of the arsenic species is guaranteed. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2004.

Effect of high temperature, biaxial stretching on the thermal and mechanical properties of HDPE/MWCNT sheet

High density polyethylene (HDPE)/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites containing 4 wt% MWCNTs were prepared by melt mixing followed by compression moulding into sheet. Compression moulded sheets were heated to just below the melting temperature and biaxially stretched at ratios (SRs) of 2, 2.5 and 3.0. The effect of stretching on the thermal and mechanical properties of the sheet was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and tensile testing. DSC results show that the crystallinity of all the stretched samples increases by approximately 13% due to strain induced crystallization. The melting temperature of the biaxially stretched samples increases only slightly while crystallization temperature is not affected. Tensile test results indicate that at a SR of 2.5 the elastic modulus of the stretched composites increases by 17.6% relative to the virgin HDPE, but the breaking strength decreases by 33%. While the elastic modulus and breaking strength of the HDPE/MWCNT samples continue to increase as SR increases they drop off after a SR of 2.5 for the virgin HDPE. This is probably due to the constraining influence of the nanotubes preventing the relaxation of polymer chains caused by adiabatic heating at high SRs. The addition of MWCNTs results in significant strain hardening during deformation. While this will lead to increased energy requirement in forming it will also result in a more stable process and the ability to produce deep draw containers with more uniform wall thickness

Extracting statistically dominant modes of a steel truss bridge from vehicle-induced vibrations

This study is intended to investigate the validity of the stability diagram (SD) aided multivariate autoregressive (MAR) analysis for identifying modal parameters of a real truss bridge. The MAR models are adopted to fit the time series of the dynamic accelerations recorded from a number of observation points on the bridge; then the modal parameters are extracted from the MAR model coefficient matrix. The SD is adopted to determine statistically dominant modes. In plotting the SD, a number of stability criteria are further adopted for filtering out those modes with unstable modal parameters. By the present method, the first five modal frequencies and mode shapes are identified with very high precision, while the damping ratios are identified with high precision for the 1st mode but with poorer precision for higher modes. Moreover, the ability of the SD in selecting structural modes without getting involved in any model-order optimization problem is highlighted through a comparison study.

Manipulating plasmon modes in tip-enhanced Raman microscopy

The influence of polarization on the plasmon modes excited in tip-enhanced near-field optical microscopy have been investigated using the Finite Difference Time Domain Method. Analysis of the calculated results have laid particular emphasis on the ability to align local field enhancements with the orientation of molecules in order to optimize Raman signals, with particular relevance to recent experimental work on carbon nanotubes.

MHD Wave Modes Resolved in Fine-Scale Chromospheric Magnetic Structures

Due to its complex and dynamic fine-scale structure, the chromosphere is a particularly challenging region of the Sun's atmosphere to understand. It is now widely accepted that to model chromospheric dynamics, even on a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) scale, while also calculating spectral line emission, one must realistically include the effects of partial ionization and radiative transfer in a multi-fluid plasma under non-LTE conditions. Accurate quantification of MHD wave energetics must befounded on a precise identification of the actual wave mode being observed. This chapter focuses on MHD kink-mode identification, MHD sausage mode identification, and MHD torsional Alfvén wave identification. It then reviews progress in determining more accurate energy flux estimations of specific MHD wave modes observed in the chromosphere. The chapter finally examines how the discovery of these MHD wave modes has helped us advance the field of chromosphericmagnetoseismology.

Wireless data encoding and decoding using OAM modes

A means of encoding and decoding data using wireless orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes is proposed and analysed. Source data symbols are used to select an OAM mode, which is generated using an 8-element circular array. A 2-element array is used to detect the mode by estimating the phase gradient of the received signal, and hence identifying the transmitted data symbol. The results are presented in terms of mode estimation error.