Study of structural change in Wyodak coal in high pressure CO2 by small-angle neutron scattering

Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) has been applied to examine the effect of high pressure CO2 on the structure of Wyodak coal. Significant decrease in the scattering intensities upon exposure of the coal to high pressure CO2 showed that high pressure CO2 rapidly adsorbs on the coal and reaches to all pores in the structure. This is confirmed by strong and steep exothermic peaks observed on DSC scans during coal/ CO2 interactions. In situ small angle neutron scattering on coal at high pressure CO2 atmosphere showed an increase in scattering intensities with time suggesting that after adsorption, high pressure CO2 immediately begins to diffuse into the coal matrix, changes the macromolecular structure of the coal, swells the matrix and probably creates microporosity in coal structure by extraction of volatile components from coal. Significant decrease in the glass transition temperature of coal caused by high pressure CO2 also confirms that CO2 at elevated pressures dissolve in the coal matrix, results in significant plasticization and physical rearrangement of the coal’s macromolecular structure.

Time-resolved resonance Raman scattering of triplet state anthracene in supercritical CO2

The first report of time-resolved resonance Raman (TR(3)) scattering in a supercritical fluid is presented. TR(3) spectra of the lowest triplet excited state (T-1) of anthracene in supercritical (SC) CO2 have been obtained over the pressure range 90-500 bar. These data have been complemented by conventional flash photolysis measurements of the excited state lifetime, transient absorbance difference, and fluorescence spectra over a similar pressure range. The spectroscopic data show systematic changes with increasing pressure; the Delta A spectra of the TI state recorded at two different temperatures display a red shift with increasing fluid pressure, which is in agreement with earlier work carried out over a smaller range of pressures. Similar shifts in the fluorescence are also observed. The vibrational frequencies of the T-1 state of anthracene are found to be relatively insensitive to applied pressure; indeed, the transient bands are readily identified by comparison with resonance Raman (RR) spectra of the T-1 state in cyclohexane solution. Small but well-defined shifts to lower cm(-1) with increasing pressure are observed in some of the vibrational bands of SC COE. The most marked change in the excited state Raman spectra is that the intensity of the T-1 anthracene features, relative to those of CO2, increases with applied pressure. The information which each of the above spectroscopic methods gives on the question of how pressure changes affect the structure and local environment of the excited state probe molecule in the SCF is discussed. Possible explanations for the observed increase in RR band intensities in terms of increased resonance Raman enhancement arising from the spectral shifts and/or the increased solubility of anthracene in CO2 with increasing pressure are also considered.

SURFACE-ENHANCED RAMAN-SCATTERING STUDIES OF METALLOPORPHYRINS ON SILVER SOLS, MELLFS, AND ELECTRODES - EVIDENCE FOR REVERSIBLE PHOTOINDUCED DEMETALATION OF A SILVER(II) PORPHYRIN

A series of metalloporphyrins of the type M(TMPyP) (where M = Ag(II), Zn(II), Cu(II) and TMPyP = meso-tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphyrin) have been investigated in solution and on the surface of silver sols, electrodes, and MELLFs (metal liquidlike films). Similar spectra were recorded on all three surfaces but significant differences in detailed behavior were found. In particular, a novel, reversible, and rapid photoinduced demetalation reaction has been observed for the AgII(TMPyP)/MELLF system. An apparently similar demetalation reaction for the same metalloporphyrin was observed on Ag electrodes but this reversed at a very much slower rate. No demetalation of Ag(II)(TMPyP) was observed with Ag sols nor with any of the other metalloporphyrins at any of the surfaces investigated. The implications of the findings in relation to the nature of the MELLF environment are briefly considered.

RAMAN-SCATTERING AND SCANNING ELECTRON-TUNNELING STUDIES OF METAL LIQUID-LIKE FILMS PRODUCED FROM SILVER AND GOLD SOLS

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) excited at several visible wavelengths and recorded using a cooled charged-coupled device detector is reported from the mobile, interfacial, liquid-like metal films (MELLFs) formed when solutions of metal complexes or pyridine in chlorocarbon solvents are mixed with aqueous sols of silver or gold. MELLF formation has not previously been reported for gold sols or for pyridine as stabilizer. Comparison of the spectra for the MELLFs formed from individual metal complexes and from 50:50 mixtures show that the spectral patterns observed for the latter are distinctive and are not generally equivalent to the sum of the spectra associated with the individual complexes, in contrast to the situation observed for sols where the individual spectra do appear to be additive. Raman scattering from both gold and silver MELLFs is readily observed at excitation wavelengths in the red, around 750 nm, but at 514 nm only that from silver films is detectable. These findings are considered in terms of particle size and absorption band intensities. A preliminary study of the film surface topography and particle size was carried out by scanning tunnelling electron microscopy (STM) of Ag MELLFs deposited on gold-coated mica substrates. Computer-processed images of the STM data show the presence on the film surface of finger-like bars, 200-400 nm long with approximately square cross-section, 40-60 nm side, together with other smaller cuboid features. The implications of these findings in relation to SERS are briefly considered.

Multiaxial Deformation of Polyethylene and Polyethylene/Clay Nanocomposites: In Situ Synchrotron Small Angle and Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering Study

A unique in situ multiaxial deformation device has been designed and built specifically for simultaneous synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) measurements. SAXS and WAXS patterns of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and HDPE/clay nanocomposites were measured in real time during in situ multiaxial deformation at room temperature and at 55 degrees C. It was observed that the morphological evolution of polyethylene is affected by the existence of clay platelets as well as the deformation temperature and strain rate. Martensitic transformation of orthorhombic into monoclinic crystal phases was observed under strain in HDPE, which is delayed and hindered in the presence of clay nanoplatelets. From the SAXS measurements, it was observed that the thickness of the interlamellar amorphous region increased with increasing strain, which is due to elongation of the amorphous chains. The increase in amorphous layer thickness is slightly higher for the nanocomposites compared to the neat polymer. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 49: 669-677, 2011

Comparison of the electron density measurements using Thomson scattering and emission spectroscopy for laser induced breakdown in one atmosphere of helium

Thomson scattering from laser-induced plasma in atmospheric helium was used to obtain temporally and spatially resolved electron temperature and density profiles. Electron density measurements at 5 s after breakdown are compared with those derived from the separation of the allowed and forbidden components of the 447.1 nm He I line. Plasma is created using 9 ns, 140 mJ pulses from Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm. Electron densities of ~5 × 10 cm are in good agreement with Thomson scattering measurements, benchmarking this emission line as a useful diagnostic for high density plasmas. © 2011 American Institute of Physics.

Thomson Scattering as a Diagnostic of Second-Harmonic Nd:YAG-Laser-Ablated Mg Plasma Plume

Thomson scattering is one of the most powerful diagnostic tools for plasma characterization, and it has been applied to a variety of plasmas. It is a nonintrusive technique, and the interpretation of the signal is relatively simple. However, this method has not been widely applied to low-temperature laser-ablated plasmas. Raman satellites have been observed in the scattering spectrum from a Mg laser-ablated plasma, giving this diagnostic the potential to be also used in density quantification of metastable states in plasmas.

Characterization of novel Ag on TiO2 films for surface-enhanced Raman scattering

Novel Ag on TiO₂ films are generated by semiconductor photocatalysis and characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV/Vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), as well as assessed for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity. The nature and thickness of the photodeposited Ag, and thus the degree of SERS activity, is controlled by the time of exposure of the TiO₂ film to UV light. All such films exhibit the optical characteristics (λ_max ≅ 390 nm) of small (<20 nm) Ag particles, although this feature becomes less prominent as the film becomes thicker. The films comprise quite large (>40 nm) Ag islands that grow and merge with increasing levels of Ag photodeposition. Tested with a benzotriazole dye probe, the films are SERS active, exhibiting activity similar to that of 6-nm-thick vapordeposited films. The Ag/TiO₂ films exhibit a lower residual standard deviation (∼25%) compared with Ag vapor-deposited films (∼45%), which is, however, still unacceptable for quantitative work. The sample-to-sample variance could be reduced significantly (<7%) by spinning the film during the SERS measurement. The Ag/TiO₂ films are mechanically robust and resistant to removal and damage by scratching, unlike the Ag vapor-deposited films. The Ag/TiO₂ films also exhibit no obvious loss of SERS activity when stored in the dark under otherwise ambient conditions. The possible extension of this simple, effective method of producing Ag films for SERS, to metals other than Ag and to semiconductors other than TiO₂, is briefly discussed. 

B-spline methods in R-matrix theory for scattering in two-electron systems

The use of B-spline basis sets in R-matrix theory for scattering processes has been investigated. In the present approach a B-spline basis is used for the description of the inner region, which is matched to the physical outgoing wavefunctions by the R-matrix. Using B-splines, continuum basis functions can be determined easily, while pseudostates can be included naturally. The accuracy for low-energy scattering processes is demonstrated by calculating inelastic scattering cross sections for e colliding on H. Very good agreement with other calculations has been obtained. Further extensions of the codes to quasi two-electron systems and general atoms are discussed as well as the application to (multi) photoionization.