The role of H2D+ in the deuteration of interstellar molecules

Collisions between H-3(+) and HD in molecular clouds lead to the fractionation of deuterium in H2D+ at temperatures below 20 K. In this article, we describe the chemistry of H2D+ and discuss how variations in temperature and elemental abundances affect the level of fractionation in H2D+ and other species. We describe how accretion of gas-phase molecules on to cold dust grains enhances the deuteration in several molecules including doubly deuterated molecules. Mie show that the ion-neutral drift velocities attained in slow Alfven waves can destroy H2D+ in non-thermal reactions. As a result, the degree of fractionation can be reduced and we discuss observational consequences of such a model for the dark dust cloud TMC-1.

Large molecules in the envelope surrounding IRC+10216

A new chemical model of the circumstellar envelope surrounding the carbon-rich star IRC+10216 is developed that includes carbon-containing molecules with up to 23 carbon atoms. The model consists of 3851 reactions involving 407 gas-phase species. Sizeable abundances of a variety of large molecules - including carbon clusters, unsaturated hydrocarbons and cyanopolyynes - have been calculated. Negative molecular ions of chemical formulae C-n(-) and CnH- (7 less than or equal to n less than or equal to 23) exist in considerable abundance, with peak concentrations at distances from the central star somewhat greater than their neutral counterparts. The negative ions might be detected in radio emission, or even in the optical absorption of background field stars. The calculated radial distributions of the carbon-chain CnH radicals are looked at carefully and compared with interferometric observations.

On the abundance gradients of organic molecules along the TMC-1 ridge

Gradients in molecular abundances along the TMC-1 ridge have been observed by several authors, most recently in a comprehensive study by Pratap et al. These can be explained by there being a difference in density, C/O ratio, or chemical evolutionary state along the ridge. The presence at the carbon-rich

Self-consistent geometry in the computation of the vibrational spectra of molecules

An exact and general approach to study molecular vibrations is provided by the Watson Hamiltonian. Within this framework, it is customary to omit the contribution of the terms with the vibrational angular momentum and the Watson term, especially for the study of large systems. We discover that this omission leads to results which depend on the choice of the reference structure. The self-consistent solution proposed here yields a geometry that coincides with the quantum averaged geometry of the Watson Hamiltonian and appears to be a promising way for the computation of the vibrational spectra of strongly anharmonic systems.

Low-energy electron attachment to chloroform (CHCl3) molecules: A joint experimental and theoretical study

Results from a joint experimental and theoretical study of electron attachment to chloroform (CHCl3) molecules in the gas phase are reported. In an electron swarm study involving a pulsed Townsend technique with equal gas and electron temperatures, accurate attachment rate coefficients were determined over the temperature range 295-373 K; they show an Arrhenius-type rise with increasing temperature, corresponding to an activation energy of 0.11 (1) eV. In a high resolution electron beam experiment involving two versions of the laser photoelectron attachment method, the relative cross section for Cl- formation from CHCl3 over the energy range 0.001-1.25 eV at the gas temperature T-G = 300 K was measured. It exhibits clear downward cusp structure at the threshold for excitation of one quantum of the vibrational symmetric deformation mode nu(3), indicating that this mode is active in the primary attachment process. With reference to our thermal attachment rate coefficient k(T = 300 K) = 3.9(2) x 10(-9) cm(3) s(-1), a new highly resolved absolute attachment cross section for T-G = 300 K was determined. This cross section is extended to higher energies by measurements, carried out with a pulsed electron beam apparatus which also provided new data for the distinctly weaker fragment anions HCl2- and CCl2-. The resulting total absolute cross section for anion formation is used to calculate the dependence of the attachment rate coefficient k(T-e;T-G) on electron temperature T-e over the range 50-15000 K at the fixed gas temperature T-G = 300 K. In addition, we report the dependence of the relative cross section for Cl- formation on gas temperature T-G = 310-435 K). For comparison with the experimental data, R-matrix calculations have been carried out for the dominant anion channel Cl-. The results recover the main experimental observations and predict the dependence of the DEA cross section on the initial vibrational level nu(3) and on the vibrational temperature. Our results are compared with those of previous electron beam and electron swarm experiments.

Multiplexing Sensory Molecules Map Protons Near Micellar Membranes

Hi-fi mapping: Multiplexing fluorescent sensors that simultaneously target proton concentration and polarity move to micellar nanospaces, self-regulate their positions, and report their pKa values and wavelengths, which are controlled by their local environments. Such sensory functions enable maps of proton gradients near micellar membranes to be drawn.

Lethal and sublethal toxicity of ammonia to native, invasive, and parasitised freshwater amphipods

In lethal and sublethal ammonia toxicity tests, we examined differences in tolerance of three species of freshwater amphipods, one native and two invasive in Ireland. The native Gammarus duebeni celticus was slightly less tolerant to ammonia than the invasive G. pulex (96h LC50 = 1.155 and 1.544 mg l(-1), respectively), while another invader, Crangonyx pseudograeilis, had the lowest tolerance (LC50 = 0.36 mg l(-1)). Parasitism of G. pulex by the acanthocephalan Echinorhynchus truttae greatly reduced the tolerance of the invader to ammonia (LC50 = 0.381 mg l(-1)). Further, precopula pair disruption tests indicated that G. d. celticus was more sensitive to ammonia than G. pulex at sublethal levels. We discuss these results in the context of the ecological replacements of native by invader amphipods. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Synthesis of the alkaloid homaline in ( ) and natural (S,S)-(-) forms, using amination and transamidative ring expansion in liquid ammonia.

Crombie, Leslie; Haigh, David; Jones, Raymond C. F.; Mat-Zin, A.Rasid. Dep. Chem., Univ. Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1: Organic and Bio-Organic Chemistry (1972-1999) (1993), (17), 2047-54. CODEN: JCPRB4 ISSN: 0300-922X. Journal written in English. CAN 120:164608 AN 1994:164608 CAPLUS (Copyright (C) 2009 ACS on SciFinder (R)) Abstract The alkaloid homaline I was prepd. in (?) and natural (S,S)-(-) forms. Linking of 2-azacyclooctanone units either directly or successively using 1,4-dihalogenobutanes or 1,4-dihalogenobut-2-ynes is examd. (?)-5-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,5-diazacyclooctan-2-one is first made by a 2,2'-dithiodipyridine/triphenylphosphine-mediated cyclization, and then by amination and transamidative ring expansion from N-(3-chloropropyl)-4-phenylazetidin-2-one in liq. ammonia, followed by N-methylation. Coupling through a 1,4-dihalogenobutane of either the N-methylated azalactam, or the unmethylated azalactam followed by methylation, gave homaline in (?) and meso forms. (R)-(-)-phenylglycine was converted via (S)-?-phenyl-?-alanine into an (S)-?-lactam which was then alkylated with 1-bromo-3-chloropropane, and aminated and ring expanded in liq. ammonia. Coupling of the homochiral azalactam (2 mol) so formed with 1,4-dibromobutane, followed by N-methylation, gave (S,S)-(-)-homaline identical with the natural material.