Skin bradykinin-related peptides (BRPs) and their biosynthetic precusors (kininogens): comparisons between various taxa of Chinese and North American ranid frogs.

Bradykinins and related peptides (BRPs) occur in the defensive skin secretions of many amphibians. Here we report the structures of BRPs and their corresponding biosynthetic precursor cDNAs from the Chinese brown frog, Rana chensinensis, and the North American leopard frog, Lithobates pipiens. R. chensinensis skin contained four transcripts each encoding a different kininogen whose organizations and spectrum of encoded BRPs were similar to those reported for the pickerel frog, Lithobates palustris. In contrast, from L. pipiens, a single skin kininogen was cloned whose structural organization and spectrum of mature BRPs were similar to those reported for the Chinese piebald odorous frog, Huia schmackeri. These data also implied that the endogenous precursor processing proteases in each species pair have identical site-directed specificities, which in part may be dictated by the primary structures of encoded BRPs. Thus the spectra of skin BRPs and the organization of their biosynthetic precursors are not consistent with recent taxonomy. The natural selective pressures that mould the primary structures of amphibian skin secretion peptides are thought to be related to the spectrum of predators encountered within their habitats. Thus similarities and differences in skin bradykinins may be reflective of predator spectra rather than indicative of species relatedness.

Rapid identification of precursor cDNAs encoding five structural classes of antimicrobial peptides from pickerel frog (Rana palustris) skin secretion by single step “shotgun” cloning.

The skin secretion of the North American pickerel frog (Rana palustris) has long been known to have pronounced noxious/toxic properties and to be highly effective in defence against predators and against other sympatric amphibians. As it consists largely of a complex mixture of peptides, it has been subjected to systematic peptidomic study but there has been little focus on molecular cloning of peptide-encoding cDNAs and by deduction, the biosynthetic precursors that they encode. Here, we demonstrate that the cDNAs encoding the five major structural families of antimicrobial peptides can be elucidated by a single step “shotgun” cloning approach using a cDNA library constructed from the source material of the peptidomic studies—the defensive skin secretion itself. Using a degenerate primer pool designed to a highly conserved nucleic acid sequence 5' to the initiation codon of known antimicrobial peptide precursor transcripts, we amplified cDNA sequences representing five major classes of antimicrobial peptides, such as esculentins, brevinins, ranatuerins, palustrins and temporins. Bioinformatic comparisons of precursor open-reading frames and nucleic acid sequences revealed high degrees of structural similarities between analogous peptides of R. palustris and the Chinese bamboo odorous frog, Rana versabilis. This approach thus constitutes a robust technique that can be used either alone or ideally, in parallel with peptidomic analysis of skin secretion, to rapidly extract primary structural information on amphibian skin secretion peptides and their biosynthetic precursors.

The Chinese bamboo leaf odorous frog (Rana (Odorrana) versabilis) and North American Rana frogs share the same families of skin antimicrobial peptides.

The Chinese bamboo leaf odorous frog (Rana (Odorrana) versabilis) and the North American pickerel frog (Rana palustris) occupy different ecological niches on two different continents with no overlap in geographical distribution. R. palustris skin secretions contain a formidable array of antimicrobial peptides including homologs of brevinin-1, esculentin-1, esculentin-2, ranatuerin-2, a temporin and a family of peptides considered of unique structural attributes when isolated, palustrins 1–3. Here we describe the structures of mature peptides and precursors of eight putative antimicrobial peptides from the skin secretion of the Chinese bamboo leaf odorous frog (Rana (Odorrana) versabilis). Each peptide represents a structural homolog of respective peptide families isolated from R. palustris, including two peptides identical in primary structure to palustrin 1c and palustrin 3b. Additionally, two peptides were found to be structural homologs of ranatuerin 2B and ranatuerin 2P from the closely-related North American species, Rana berlandieri (the Rio Grande leopard frog) and Rana pipiens (the Northern leopard frog), respectively. Both palustrins and ranatuerins have hitherto been considered unique to North American ranid frogs. The use of primary structures of amphibian skin antimicrobial peptides is thus questionable as a taxonomic device or alternatively, the micro-evolution and/or ancestry of ranid frogs is more highly complex than previously thought.

Bradykinin-related peptides, including a novel structural variant, (Val1)-bradykinin, from the skin secretion of Guenther's frog, Hylarana guentheri and their molecular precursors.

Multiple bradykinin-related peptides including a novel bradykinin structural variant, (Val1)-bradykinin, have been identified from the defensive skin secretion of Guenther's frog, Hylarana guentheri by a tandem mass spectrometry method. Subsequently, four different preprobradykinin cDNAs, which encoded multiple bradykinin copies and its structural variants, were consistently cloned from a skin derived cDNA library. These preprobradykinin cDNAs showed little structural similarity with mammalian kininogens and the kininogens from the skin of toads, but have regions that are highly conserved in the kininogens from another ranid frog, Odorrana schmackeri. Alignment of these preprobradykinins revealed that preprobradykinin 1, 2 and 3 may derive from a single gene by alternative exon splicing.

Direct and indirect effects of obestatin peptides on food intake and the regulation of glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion in mice

Obestatin is a recently discovered peptide hormone that appears to be involved in reducing food intake, gut motility and body weight. Obestatin is a product of the preproghrelin gene and appears to oppose several physiological actions of ghrelin. This study investigated the acute effects of obestatin (1-23) and the truncated form, obestatin (11-23), on feeding activity, glucose homeostasis or insulin secretion. Mice received either intraperitoneal obestatin (1-23) or (11-23) (1 mu mol/kg) 4 h prior to an allowed 15 min period of feeding. Glucose excursions and insulin responses were lowered by 64-77% and 39-41%, respectively, compared with saline controls. However this was accompanied by 43% and 53% reductions in food intake, respectively. The effects of obestatin peptides were examined under either basal or glucose (18 mmol/kg) challenge conditions to establish whether effects were independent of changes in feeding. No alterations in plasma glucose or insulin responses were observed. In addition, obestatin peptides had no effect on insulin sensitivity as revealed by hypoglycaemic response when co-administered with insulin. Our observations support a role for obestatin in regulating metabolism through changes of appetite, but indicate no direct actions on glucose homeostasis or insulin secretion. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica)-derived peptides activate rat peritoneal mast cells

Short peptides with sequences derived from those found in the tegumental antigen of Fasciola hepatica have been synthesised. Incubation of some of these peptides with rat peritoneal mast cells resulted in the degranulation of the cells as measured by a histamine release assay. This activity was shown to be associated with the proline-lysine-proline motif, which is responsible for the induction of mast cell degranulation by the mammalian bioactive peptide substance P. Studies on the mode of action of the fluke-derived peptide indicated that it was operating through the same biochemical pathways as substance P. The implications of these findings for the development of immune responses during parasite infections are discussed. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Cyclic AMP production and insulin releasing activity of synthetic fragment peptides of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide

Synthetic fragment peptides of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) were evaluated for their ability to elevate cellular cAMP production and stimulate insulin secretion. In GIP receptor transfected CHL cells, GIP(4-42) and GIP(17-30) dose-dependently inhibited GIP-stimulated cAMP production (40 +/- 8%; p <0.01 and 15 +/- 6%; p <0.05, respectively), while GIP(1-16) exerted very weak agonist effects on cAMP production. In the clonal pancreatic beta-cell line, BRIN-BD11, GIP(1-16) demonstrated weak insulin releasing activity compared with native GIP. In contrast, GIP(4-42) and GIP (17-30) weakly antagonized the insulin releasing activity of the native peptide (23 +/- 6%; p <0.05 and 11 +/- 3%, respectively). These data demonstrate the critical role of the N-terminus and the involvement of regions of the C-terminal domain in generating full biological potency of GIP.

Enrichment and analysis of nonenzymatically glycated peptides: Boronate affinity chromatography coupled with electron-transfer dissociation mass spectrometry

Nonenzymatic glycation of peptides and proteins by D-glucose has important implications in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, particularly in the development of diabetic complications. However, no effective high-throughput methods exist for identifying proteins containing this low-abundance posttranslational modification in bottom-up proteomic studies. In this report, phenylboronate affinity chromatography was used in a two-step enrichment scheme to selectively isolate first glycated proteins and then glycated, tryptic peptides from human serum glycated in vitro. Enriched peptides were subsequently analyzed by alternating electron-transfer dissociation (ETD) and collision induced dissociation ( CID) tandem mass spectrometry. ETD fragmentation mode permitted identification of a significantly higher number of glycated peptides (87.6% of all identified peptides) versus CID mode (17.0% of all identified peptides), when utilizing enrichment on first the protein and then the peptide level. This study illustrates that phenylboronate affinity chromatography coupled with LC-MS/MS and using ETD as the fragmentation mode is an efficient approach for analysis of glycated proteins and may have broad application in studies of diabetes mellitus.

Savory peptides present in Moromi obtained from soy sauce fermentation of yellow soybean

The presence of savory peptides in moromi has been investigated. Moromi was prepared by fermenting yellow soybean using Aspergillus oryzae as the starter at the first step (mold fermentation) and 20% brine solution at the next step (brine fermentation). The moromi was then ultrafiltered stepwise using membranes with MW cut-offs of 10,000, 3,000, and 500 Da, respectively. The fraction with MW <500 Da was chromatographed using Sephadex G-25 SF to yield four fractions, 1-4. Analysis of soluble peptides, NaCl content, alpha-amino nitrogen, amino acid composition, peptide profile using CE coupled with DAD, taste profile and free glutamic acid content, were performed for each fraction. Fraction 2 contained a relatively high total glutamic acid content, but a relatively low free glutamic acid content and had the highest umami taste. This fraction also had more peptides containing non-aromatic amino acids than the other fractions. The peptides present in fraction 2 may play a role, at least in part, in its intense umami taste.

Association of common variants in NPPA and NPPB with circulating natriuretic peptides and blood pressure

We examined the association of common variants at the NPPA-NPPB locus with circulating concentrations of the natriuretic peptides, which have blood pressure-lowering properties. We genotyped SNPs at the NPPA-NPPB locus in 14,743 individuals of European ancestry, and identified associations of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide with rs5068 (P = 8 × 10 -70), rs198358 (P = 8 × 10 -30) and rs632793 (P = 2 × 10 -10), and of plasma B-type natriuretic peptide with rs5068 (P = 3 × 10 -12), rs198358 (P = 1 × 10 -25) and rs632793 (P = 2 × 10 -68). In 29,717 individuals, the alleles of rs5068 and rs198358 that showed association with increased circulating natriuretic peptide concentrations were also found to be associated with lower systolic (P = 2 × 10 -6 and 6 × 10 -5, respectively) and diastolic blood pressure (P = 1 × 10 -6 and 5 × 10 -5), as well as reduced odds of hypertension (OR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.79-0.92, P = 4 × 10 -5; OR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.85-0.95, P = 2 × 10 -4, respectively). Common genetic variants at the NPPA-NPPB locus found to be associated with circulating natriuretic peptide concentrations contribute to interindividual variation in blood pressure and hypertension.